https://purerawz.co/product/asleep/ code CHEMHQ
FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY
---
Hello, fellow PureRawz enthusiasts! Today, I'd like to share with you an in-depth look at one of the most intriguing products on the PureRawz roster: the Asleep (DSIP & Melatonin) Spray. This product has been third-party tested and verified for 99% purity, ensuring that you're getting a top-quality product.

What is Asleep (DSIP & Melatonin) Spray?

The Asleep Spray is a unique blend of DSIP (Delta Sleep Inducing Peptide) and Melatonin. Each spray delivers 50mcg of DSIP and 1mg of Melatonin, totaling 1.05mg per spray. This product is designed to aid those struggling with sleep disorders such as insomnia and narcolepsy.

The Power of DSIP

DSIP, or Delta Sleep Inducing Peptide, is a molecule that has shown significant potential in clinical studies to aid those with insomnia. It may potentially help increase the overall quality and effectiveness of rest and sleep. Moreover, it has been discovered to potentially help those with narcolepsy, a persistent neurological disease that causes extreme daytime fatigue. It's hypothesized that DSIP might modify sleep and wake cycles.

The Role of Melatonin

Melatonin is a neurohormone that the pineal gland naturally releases and is well-recognized for controlling sleep. The production of melatonin during sleep supports the circadian rhythm and normalization of sleep patterns. Current research has revealed other potential impacts, such as how exogenously delivered oral melatonin can affect mice’s spatial working memory and cerebral excitation.

A Word of Caution

It's important to note that the products sold by PureRawz, including the Asleep Spray, are intended for laboratory and research use only. All clinical research must be conducted with oversight from the appropriate Institutional Review Board (IRB), and all preclinical research must be conducted with oversight from the appropriate Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) following the guidelines of the Animal Welfare Act (AWA).

Final Thoughts

The Asleep (DSIP & Melatonin) Spray is a promising product for those conducting research in sleep disorders and the potential benefits of DSIP and Melatonin. Remember, customer satisfaction is PureRawz's number one priority. If you're not 100% satisfied with the product you received, you can contact them at [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected]).

Discussion Points

1. The Potential of DSIP: What are your thoughts on the potential benefits of DSIP in aiding sleep disorders? Have you come across any interesting studies or research on this topic?
2. Melatonin's Role: How do you perceive the role of Melatonin in regulating sleep patterns? Do you have any personal experiences or research insights to share?
3. Research and Ethical Considerations: What are your thoughts on the ethical considerations when conducting research with products like the Asleep Spray?

Remember, this is a community for sharing and learning. Let's keep the discussion respectful and productive. Happy researching!
Disclaimer: This post is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always conduct your own research and consult with a healthcare professional before making any decisions related to your health.

The Release Notes for 2023 Season 3 have been posted on the iRacing Forums!
Find them posted here:
https://forums.iracing.com/discussion/42721/2023-season-3-release-notes-pre-release-version#latest
​
Or read them below!
========================================================================

2023 Season 3 Release Notes [Pre-Release Version]

This is the iRacing 2023 Season 3 Release! This release contains both content and upgrades for 2023 Season 3, which officially starts on June 12th! This season update includes three new cars: Cadillac V-Series.R GTP, Ligier JS P320, and Porsche 911 GT3 R (992). iRacing also expands its track offerings to include MotorLand Aragón (7 configs) and Willow Springs International Raceway, as well as a new 2023 Cup config for Chicago Street Course.
Our Dirt Taskforce has completed their work on the Dirt Refresh Project shared with the community back in February, and we are excited for you to experience the fruits of their labors. The Spotter System has received a Race Control-focused set of updates and new calls that will liven up your racing and keep you better informed about what is happening on the track and in the race. New challengers approach - you will now have the ability to add AI Opponent Rosters to your Hosted Sessions that utilize the Heat Racing format! We are excited to announce we have been investing time into saving you time, loading time to be precise, and this Season Release includes a first phase of loading optimizations that should get you into the driver’s seat just a little bit faster. Willow Springs International Raceway is proud to pioneer a new 3D Foliage System that automatically populates the environment with grasses, shrubs, and other creations of Mother Nature. USB Audio Hot Swapping is now fully enabled and supported by iRacing for all of your headset and speaker needs. A new Graphics Option has also been added which controls the display of all cockpit obstructions instead of this parameter being car setup specific.
The New Damage Model has been put into practice on eleven additional cars. And last but not least our AI Drivers have mastered eight new cars and twenty-four new track configurations. Welcome to iRacing 2023 Season 3!
Season highlights include:

• Cadillac V-Series.R GTP
• Ligier JS P320
• Porsche 911 GT3 R (992)
• MotorLand Aragón (7 configs)
• Willow Springs International Raceway
• New Track Configuration: Chicago Street Course - 2023 Cup
• Dirt Racing Refresh Project
• New Spotter Calls and Updates for Race Control
• Hosted Session AI Heat Racing
• Phase 1 of Loading Time Improvements
• 3D Foliage System
• USB Audio Device Hot Swapping
• Cockpit Obstruction Removal Graphics Option
• New Damage Model for 11 Vehicles (Cadillac V-Series.R GTP, Dirt Late Model (ALL), Ligier JS P320, NASCAR Truck Series Trucks, Porsche 911 GT3 Cup (992), Porsche 911 GT3 R (992), and Renault Clio R.S. V)
• AI Racing for 8 Cars (Aston Martin DBR9 GT1, Cadillac CTS-V Racecar, Cadillac V-Series.R GTP, Chevrolet Corvette C6.R GT1, Ford GT GT2, Ligier JS P320, Porsche 911 GT3 R (992), and Radical SR10)
• AI Racing at 24 Track Configurations (Autodromo Nazionale Monza - GP without first chicane, Junior, and GP without chicanes, Chicago Street Course - 2023 Cup and Prototype, Circuit of the Americas - East and West, Irwindale Speedway - ALL FIVE Configs, MotorLand Aragón - ALL SEVEN Configs, Nashville Fairgrounds Speedway - Mini, New Smyrna Speedway, Twin Ring Motegi - East and Oval, and Willow Springs International Raceway)
• Hundreds of new and optimized official iRacing vehicle setups

Visit our 2023 Season 3 features page here: https://www.iracing.com/seasons/2023-s3/
Full 2023 Season 3 Release details are below.
​

iRACING UI:

--------------------------------------------------------------

Hosted Racing

• The Create Starting Grid functionality and button are now disabled whenever both Heat Racing and AI Opponent Roster are selected for an Event.

AI Racing

• AI Drivers have completed an extensive training course for participating in the Heat Racing format!
• - - Heat Racing is now available for Hosted Sessions using AI Rosters!
• - - This is a brand new feature implementation for both AI Racing and the Heat Racing format.
• - - - - It is important to note that this feature is only available for Hosted Racing events at this time. AI Drivers still need the support of real humans in their Sessions or artificial chaos would surely ensue.

Tracks

• All Track location information has been standardized and updated. All Track locations are now identified by: City, State/Province, Country.

Leagues

• Fixed an issue where the names of AI Drivers who won League Series Sessions were forgotten when viewing the League Season Schedule.

Paint Shop

• A new sponsor, Maconi Setup Shop, has been added to the Paint Shop!
• Fixed an issue with a missing font for the Stock Car Pro Series Class Cars.

​

SIMULATION:

--------------------------------------------------------------

Windows Support

• With the release of iRacing 2023 Season 3, the Windows 8.1 operating system is no longer able to successfully launch the iRacing application.
• - - Microsoft officially dropped support for Windows 8.1 on January 14th, 2023. As a result of this, it is no longer compatible with our software, and it will fail to launch.
• - - If you need help installing or running iRacing on Windows 10 or 11, please contact Customer Support here: https://support.iracing.com. Customer Support cannot get iRacing to work on Windows 8.1.

Race Servers

• Race Server capacity has been expanded to allow for nine different car models to be present within a Session.
• A user’s average lap time will no longer exclude laps that had been labeled as “invalid”.
• Fixed an issue where some Open Practice Race Servers were closing early due to inactivity.
• Fixed an issue where track temperatures were changing wildly if the Session was restarted (via AI Racing controls for example).

Loading

• Some adjustments have been made to how video memory resources are loaded.
• Some car loading algorithms have been optimized.

Dynamic Track

• The manner in which the dynamic track algorithm was calculated on surfaces has been improved, particularly along outside track edges.
• Fixed an issue where the visual display of some dynamic track data including dirt, marbles, and rubber was not functioning correctly on some track segments.

Race Control

• The algorithm for generating race splits based on car classes has been improved slightly.
• Short Parade Laps are now available for use at the following additional track configurations:
• - - Barber Motorsports Park - Full Course
• - - Brands Hatch Circuit - Indy
• - - Canadian Tire Motorsports Park
• - - Charlotte Motor Speedway - Roval, Roval - 2018, & Roval Long
• - - Circuit Park Zandvoort - Grand Prix
• - - Circuit Zolder - Grand Prix, & Alternate
• - - Daytona International Speedway - Oval - 2008, Road Course - 2008, & Moto - 2008
• - - Hockenheimring Baden-Württemberg - PEC - Outer
• - - Indianapolis Motor Speedway - Oval - 2009, Open Wheel Oval - 2009, Road Course - 2009, & Bike
• - - Long Beach Street Circuit
• - - Mount Panorama Circuit
• - - Phillip Island Circuit
• - - Talladega Superspeedway

Qualifying Scrutiny

• The Qualifying Scrutiny system has been adjusted to better handle cases where cars needed time to get up to speed after leaving their starting location.

Dirt Racing

• A variety of updates as a result of the Dirt Refresh Project have been enabled!
• - - This project enlisted a focus group of developers, vehicle dynamicists, and testers who did a deep dig through everything that makes our Dirt Racing tick, and they’ve emerged with some sweeping improvements and updates.
• - - Dirt track parameters as a whole have been updated, including:
• - - - - Racing dirt properties at all levels of wear and wetness
• - - - - Dirt height variance, depth, and hardpan behavior
• - - - - Track wear parameters
• - - - - Tire rubber accumulation
• - - - - Dirt displacement from tires
• - - - - The formation of track roughness and perturbation
• - - - - The progression of dynamic track data has been updated for all dirt tracks
• - - All Dirt Racing tires have been updated with some of the following improvements:
• - - - - New wear rates based on the hardness and wetness of the dirt racing surface
• - - - - Dirt displacement parameters
• - - - - The manner in which tires calculate their contact on undulating dirt surfaces has been improved.

AI Racing

• AI Drivers have completed an extensive training course for participating in the Heat Racing format!
• - - Heat Racing is now available for Hosted Sessions using AI Rosters!
• - - This is a brand new feature implementation for both AI Racing and the Heat Racing format.
• - - - - It is important to note that this feature is only available for Hosted Racing events at this time. AI Drivers still need the support of real humans in their Sessions or artificial chaos would surely ensue.
• AI Drivers are now fully trained and capable drivers for the following new vehicles:
• - - Aston Martin DBR9 GT1
• - - Cadillac CTS-V Racecar
• - - Cadillac V-Series.R GTP
• - - Chevrolet Corvette C6.R GT1
• - - Ford GT GT2
• - - Ligier JS P320
• - - Porsche 911 GT3 R (992)
• - - Radical SR10
• AI Drivers have memorized and are ready to race for the gold at the following new tracks and configurations:
• - - Autodromo Nazionale Monza - GP without first chicane, Junior, and GP without chicanes
• - - Chicago Street Course - 2023 Cup and Prototype
• - - Circuit of the Americas - East and West
• - - Irwindale Speedway - ALL 5 Configurations
• - - MotorLand Aragón - ALL 7 Configurations
• - - Nashville Fairgrounds Speedway - Mini
• - - New Smyrna Speedway
• - - Twin Ring Motegi - East and Oval
• - - Willow Springs International Raceway
• AI Drivers have graduated from yet another season of advanced education classes. Training for 2023 Season 3 included the following programs:
• - - Kinesthetics for Preventing Pace Lap Panic
• - - [PHY-220] Drafting Speed Predictions
• - - White-Knuckle Door-to-Door Racing: A Retrospective
• - - Fast Cars Beware: Slow Cars
• - - Slow Cars Beware: Fast Cars
• - - AI Program Upgrade IV: Reaction Timing (Class: Pistol Shrimp)
• - - Danny S.’s Pre-School Seminar: Left-Hand Makes the “L”!
• - - The Technical Know-How Overlaps for GTP & Rocket Ship Piloting
• - - SuperTravel SuperProgram 2023: SuperSpeedways
• - - Lessons from Slot Car Racing on Racing Lines
• - - Tire Compound Connoisseur Magazine (Spring ‘23 Issue)
• - - Brake Pad Dissection - a Science Lab Qualified Course
• AI Drivers have improved their driving skills with the following vehicles:
• - - NASCAR Cup Series Next Gen Cars
• - - NASCAR Trucks
• - - BMW M Hybrid V8
• - - Dallara P217
• AI Drivers have improved their driving skills at the following track configs:
• - - Atlanta Motor Speedway - Oval
• - - Bristol Motor Speedway - Dual Pit Roads & Single Pit Road
• - - Canadian Tire Motorsports Park
• - - Daytona International Speedway - Oval
• - - Detroit Grand Prix at Belle Isle
• - - iRacing Superspeedway
• - - Talladega Superspeedway
• AI Drivers and their cars are now immediately removed from the world at the end of a Session. For safety.
• Fixed a handful of AI System issues including:
• - - Fixed an issue where custom Paint Schemes were not appearing on AI Drivers in Replays.
• - - Fixed an issue where AI Drivers could lag up to several seconds after the green before hitting the gas for standing starts in Hosted Sessions.
• - - Fixed an issue where AI Drivers could incur gain-time penalties while they were being towed back to their pit box. We don’t know what they were doing to Race Control staff to earn them, but it should be fixed now.
• - - Fixed an issue where multiple “Pitting In” notifications could be received.
• - - Fixed an issue with the display of AI Driver names on the Entries tab for Replays.
• - - Fixed an issue where AI Drivers appeared to be using the incorrect dive plane for the Dallara P217.

New Damage Model

• The New Damage Model is now active on the following additional vehicles:
• - - Cadillac V-Series.R GTP
• - - Dirt Late Model (ALL)
• - - Ligier JS P320
• - - NASCAR Truck Chevrolet Silverado
• - - NASCAR Truck Ford F150
• - - NASCAR Truck Toyota Tundra TRD Pro
• - - Porsche 911 GT3 Cup (992)
• - - Porsche 911 GT3 R (992)
• - - Renault Clio R.S. V
• Some New Damage Model system code has been reorganized to make future development easier.

Auto Fuel

• Spotters and Team Members may now control their driver's Auto Fuel state.

Spotter

• The iRacing Spotter System has received some updates to help make it more accurate and dynamic. It is now better able to read Race Control events as they occur on the track, and a variety of new Spotter Calls have been added:
• - - Car in Front/Behind is Pitting
• - - Faster Car Approaching
• - - Gaining/Losing the car in front
• - - Leader Change
• - - Leader Lap Time
• - - Leader is Lapping You
• - - Session New Fastest Lap
• - - Your Personal Best Lap Time
• - - Time Remaining in Session 20/10/5 Minutes
• - - Settings for these new messages have been added to the “[SPCC]” section of the “app.ini” file.
• - - - - These messages will only play if “Chattiness” is set to MEDIUM or HIGH, and they are turned on in the “app.ini” file, which they are by default.
• A new “Silence” function has been added for the Spotter.
• - - In the Sound Options Menu, users can bind a key press that will interrupt and stop any current spotter message and temporarily disable future messages for a short duration. The duration of the hush may be adjusted via the “hushDuration” variable in the “app.ini” file, found in the “[SPCC]” section.
• “Leader Car” calls now returns the leader car in the same class as the player car. This means all spotter messages pertaining to the leader will now reference the leader in the same class as the player, instead of the outright leader.
• - - Messages include:
• - - - - Leader is pitting now
• - - - - Leader is at Start/Finish
• - - - - You're catching the leader
• - - - - One lap to win (if you are the leader car)
• Both Italian spotter packs have been updated and improved!
• - - Many thanks to Renzo A. Olivieri and Marco Arcidiacono!
• The Race Laps remaining spotter message logic has been updated.
• Fixed an issue with the fuel spotter calls when the pit entry location was dramatically different from the Start/Finish line location.

Graphics

• A new Graphics Option has been added: Hide Cockpit Obstructions.
• - - This option hides several visually obstructive elements from the world, including: Halo, A-Pillar, and Rock Screen.
• Vehicles that utilize the New Damage model have had their car model format adjusted to reduce video memory demands.
• Improved the accuracy of steering angles for viewing your opponents’ cars’ wheels.
• Adjust brake light exposure on some cars to try to prevent them from turning white when viewed from a distance.
• Updated the system which processes the hiding and displaying of halos for Replays.
• GGX blended dirt texture shaders have been improved.
• SpeedTree lighting has been updated.
• The graphics Option for SpeedTree self-shadowing has been removed.
• - - The visual benefits were minimal and the processing needs were demanding.
• Tooltips have been added for SSAO parameters.
• A new SDK for SpeedTree has been integrated.
• Fixed an issue where the reverse and unseen sides of some SpeedTree faces were being rendered, wasting processing time.
• Fixed an issue where distortion particles were not rendering properly unless they were inside the car.
• Fixed an issue where motion blur would trigger whenever the garage was visited.
• Fixed an issue where motion blur was appearing at different amounts on different parts of the same car.

3D Foliage System

• A new environmental graphics feature option has been added to the graphics options menu: Foliage!
• - - The new Foliage system procedurally generates 3D foliage of an appropriate biome type at specified tracks. Foliage may include grasses, shrubs, boulders, cacti, flowers, and other small environmental assets. 3D foliage has no impact on driving or physics, but should decorate the world much more realistically.
• - - In the Graphics Options menu, there are several levels of detail that may be selected for use by the 3D Foliage System which can customize your visual experience and your rendering performance. You may also select to disable the system entirely.
• - - With this release, only Willow Springs International Raceway has been seeded by the new 3D Foliage system so far, but Mother Nature always finds a way to spread!

Visual Effects

• Lighting for particle effects has been improved.
• The PopcornFX SDK has been updated to the latest version.

Audio

• Audio Hot Swap support has been added to iRacing!
• - - Forgot to plug in your headset before the race starts? iRacing now detects your device when it's plugged in, even during a race. If you've selected "System Default" from the sound options, audio automatically moves to the new device when the default changes. If you have selected a specific audio endpoint, it activates once it's available.
• - - Runtime audio device switching is now supported. When the default device is selected, a new default device can be chosen in Windows, and the Simulator will use the new device. If a specific device is selected, it will be used in the Simulator when it is activated in Windows.
• - - - - disableWindowsCoreAudio=0 When enabled (1), this option disables any Windows Core Audio integration (native windows audio).
• - - - - disableAudioDeviceChangedEvents=0 When enabled (1), this option disables dynamic audio device changing.
• - - Please note: Audio Hot Swapping is enabled by default.
• A new Audio Options setting has been added which allows you to assign a System Communication Default Device.
• A new audio option, “ambientMusicDisabled”, has been added to the “app.ini” file.
• - - 0 is the default value. Setting this parameter to 1 will disable all environment music that is normally played over the PA system while in the Simulation.
• Dynamic brake sounds have been rebalanced.
• Audio for load transmission on a variety of cars has been improved.
• The engine audio for all Pace Cars has been adjusted and optimized.

Environment

• New color and texture variations have been added for a variety of parked vehicles found around the tracks.

Interface

• Enhanced the right-click pop-up menus on the Session/Replay screen, and the Driving screen, to provide the option for private messaging (PM-ing) an individual user, the current driver of a car, or a car's entire Team (which includes a driver's spotters/crew in non-team sessions).
• - - Existing Admin/Race Control operations applied to a car that would have PM-ed someone on the team have been updated to message the whole team, instead of just one team member.
• - - Manually PM-ing a car number using "/#N", with N being the displayed car number, including leading zeros if shown, will now PM the whole team.
• - - To PM just the team member that's currently driving the car, use "/#N@" (add the @ symbol immediately after the car number). If the team's car is in its pit stall but the driver has gotten out of the car, that user is still PM-ed. If the team's car is not even in the world, no PM is sent when attempting to message its current driver, and you will be informed of this.
• - - - - To prevent receiving duplicate messages, if you would receive a chat message you sent because the target includes you (you're on the target team, you're the target team's driver, or you're talking to yourself!), you only receive the message due to being associated with the target of the message. That is, the message is not separately echoed directly back to you.
• - - You can continue to manually PM an individual using the existing mechanism of specifying their name after the "/".
• Text chat responses to Race Control Admin commands now identify the targeted entry with the team name and car number, instead of the name of the driver. In non-driver-swap events, the “team name” is the driver's name.
• An option for the units selection has been updated to “English (USA)” for clarity.

Camera

• A new highest option level, “Ultra”, has been added for Motion Blur.
• Fixed an issue with Driver View Pitch/Roll chassis effects so that when the view is locked to the horizon the car can now roll farther without the camera following the position of the car. This should help reduce motion sickness in VR if you use this feature.
• Fixed an issue for whenever a car’s center-of-mass left the camera frame, all motion blur on the car was lost.
• Fixed an issue where the focus of the camera was getting unwanted motion blur for cockpit cameras.
• Fixed an issue with motion blur on cars when using multiple displays.

Controls

• The automatic parking brake that holds a car still when you come to a stop will now fully apply itself anytime the car comes to a stop, rather than waiting for the user to hold the brake pedal down once stopped. This should help prevent cars from accidentally rolling away when you come to a quick stop but fail to fully engage the brake pedal.
• The Reset Button now prevents users from putting you into the car if your steering wheel needs assignment. Doing this now will take you to the Controls Wizard and allow you to assign and calibrate your driving controls.
• The test for XInput devices has been simplified.
• Fixed an issue that could cause some joysticks to fail to calibrate properly if the previous calibration was similar enough to the new calibration.
• Fixed an issue in the Options screen where the inputs (shifter, wheel, etc) would not respond if a button was held down on a wheel.

Force Feedback

• When calibrating a wheel, iRacing now checks that your selected maximum wheel angle and Force Feedback status match what we expect based on your detected hardware. A notification will appear if these do not match.
• - - This is an effort to detect common errors with certain wheels, either that do not have the correct drivers installed or that have a maximum wheel angle set to a very low value by default. If you receive this notification, or need help setting up your racing wheel, please reach out to Customer Support.
• iRacing will now try to automatically detect your racing wheel’s maximum force, and adjust the wheel force slider accordingly. This is used to help us safely and automatically calculate the force levels to send to your wheel. We can't always know how your wheel is set up, so this may be an overestimate of your maximum force level. This is the safer guess, but in some instances it may limit how strong of a force you can request from the simulation. In those cases you can turn off the “auto-mode” and manually set your wheel’s peak value, if known.
• Improved the force auto tune button so that it takes the wheels maximum force into account. This will lighten up the auto tune as the wheel force increases.
• - - There is a new scaling parameter in the “app.ini” file, “autoForceFactor”. This value defaults to 0.5, and allows you to adjust the aggressiveness of the reduction. Setting “[Force Feedback] autoForceFactor=1” will remove all reduction, giving you a 1:1 force output. Setting it to 0 will effectively always give you 6 Nm of peak force at the wheel. Any value in between will blend between these two extremes. The default value of 0.5 should be a good value for most users.
• A mappable button (Ctrl-A) has been added to apply the Auto Force adjustment found in the F9 Black Box.
• For the Auto Force Feedback peak force detection, data collected when the car is out of control will now be suppressed. Also, data collection will be paused for several seconds immediately after an incident. The goal is to make this system more stable and consistent, even if you wreck.
• For Force Feedback, a safety check has been added to detect if the wheel jumped in position (ie: we lost/gained communication with the wheel). If a communication interruption is detected, Force Feedback will be suppressed momentarily for safety.
• A new slew rate limiter filter that is controlled via the smoothing slider is now available in the Force Feedback options tab.
• - - This filter limits the rate of change of the force feedback signal so your wheel can't accelerate beyond a fixed value. In essence it smooths out the large jolts while leaving the rest of the signal alone. A value of 25% will have almost no impact on your regular driving, while softenting out curb or wall impacts, and a value of 75% will smooth out most rumble strips and make curb hits almost invisible. If you find that you have to turn down the FFB forces below the level you would like because the jolts from curbs or accidents are too large, then try turning this filter up instead. Try a value of 50% to start, and turn it down to 25% if you feel it is too much.
• - - - - You can go back to the old boxcar filter via the “[Force Feedback] smoothingFilterType=1” entry in the “app.ini” file.

Replays

• Chat messages and incident point accruement are now saved and viewable with Replays.
• Fixed an issue where custom Paint Schemes were not appearing on AI Drivers in Replays.

Telemetry

• Live brake line pressure (LFbrakeLinePress) has now been zeroed out and will no longer show a value.
• - - Disk based brake line pressure is still available (LFbrakeLinePress), and now has any ripple from the abs modulation included in its value.
• - - A new BrakeABSCutPct value has been added to the disk based telemetry that shows the percent of brake force reduction being applied by the ABS system.
• Driver suit, body, face, and helmet type ids have been added to the session string.

Official iRacing Sporting Code

• A variety of updates have been made to the Official iRacing Sporting Code, including:
• - - A new section 6.8.3. has been added which describes the correct behavior for Starting from Pits.
• - - Restructured the paragraphs describing Rolling Starts for improved clarity for both Oval and Road racing.
• - - Better explained how multiclass cars grid, and defined what starts a multiclass race.
• - - License Class images have been updated.
• - - Identified that Joker Laps may not be used for time-based competitions at Rallycross Tracks.
• - - A reminder has been added that it is unacceptable for suspended or restricted Members to use alternate accounts.
• - - Identified that nefarious tactics may also not be used during Races, and removed a poor example of nefarious behavior.
• Review the latest version of the Official iRacing Sporting Code here:
• - - https://www.iracing.com/iracing-official-sporting-code/

Brewers @ Reds - Sat, Jun 03

Game Status: Final - Score: 10-8 Brewers

Links & Info

• MLB Gameday
• Game Graphs
• Savant Gamefeed

	Brewers Batters	AB	R	H	RBI	BB	K	LOB	AVG	OBP	SLG
1	Yelich - LF	4	1	1	1	1	0	0	.257	.353	.396
2	Miller, O - 2B	5	0	0	1	0	2	2	.319	.354	.478
	Turang - SS	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.203	.250	.297
3	Tellez - DH	5	0	2	1	0	1	1	.243	.325	.486
4	Contreras, Wm - C	4	2	2	1	0	0	2	.241	.339	.420
5	Anderson, B - 3B	4	1	1	0	1	0	2	.233	.330	.409
6	Singleton - 1B	4	1	1	0	0	0	1	.250	.250	.250
7	Monasterio - 2B	4	1	1	0	0	0	4	.375	.444	.438
8	Wiemer - CF	2	2	1	1	2	0	0	.205	.281	.367
9	Perkins, B - RF	4	2	2	5	0	0	1	.188	.188	.375
	Totals	36	10	11	10	4	3	13

Brewers
BATTING: HR: Perkins, B (1, 3rd inning off Ashcraft, 3 on, 1 out); Contreras, Wm (7, 4th inning off Ashcraft, 0 on, 1 out). TB: Anderson, B; Contreras, Wm 5; Monasterio; Perkins, B 5; Singleton; Tellez 2; Wiemer; Yelich. RBI: Contreras, Wm (19); Miller, O (16); Perkins, B 5 (5); Tellez (27); Wiemer (17); Yelich (25). GIDP: Contreras, Wm. Team RISP: 5-for-7. Team LOB: 4.
FIELDING: DP: (Monasterio-Miller, O-Singleton).

	Reds Batters	AB	R	H	RBI	BB	K	LOB	AVG	OBP	SLG
1	Newman - 2B	5	0	1	1	0	1	5	.279	.342	.375
2	McLain - SS	5	3	2	0	1	1	5	.333	.398	.507
3	India - DH	5	0	1	3	0	1	3	.276	.364	.425
4	Fraley - RF	4	2	3	1	1	0	1	.258	.348	.417
5	Steer - 1B	3	1	2	2	2	0	0	.292	.364	.498
6	Senzel - 3B	5	0	1	0	0	2	5	.256	.331	.381
7	Fairchild - CF	3	1	0	0	1	1	0	.226	.324	.355
	a-Stephenson, T - PH	1	0	0	0	0	1	2	.240	.330	.335
8	Benson - LF	3	0	1	0	2	1	0	.154	.233	.205
9	Casali - C	2	1	0	0	2	0	0	.172	.284	.207
	b-Hopkins - PH	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	.000	1.000	.000
	Totals	36	8	11	8	10	8	21

Reds
a-Struck out for Fairchild in the 9th. b-Walked for Casali in the 9th.
BATTING: 3B: McLain (1, Rea). HR: Fraley (6, 3rd inning off Rea, 0 on, 2 out). TB: Benson; Fraley 6; India; McLain 4; Newman; Senzel; Steer 2. RBI: Fraley (36); Hopkins (1); India 3 (29); Newman (19); Steer 2 (30). 2-out RBI: Steer; Fraley; India 2. Runners left in scoring position, 2 out: McLain 2; Fraley; India; Senzel 4; Newman. SF: Newman. GIDP: Senzel. Team RISP: 3-for-13. Team LOB: 12.
FIELDING: Pickoffs: Salazar (Wiemer at 1st base). DP: (Newman-Steer).

Brewers Pitchers	IP	H	R	ER	BB	K	HR	P-S	ERA
Rea (W, 3-3)	5.0	6	3	3	3	5	1	93-62	4.94
Megill	1.0	1	3	3	3	0	0	35-14	5.87
Wilson, B	2.0	2	0	0	1	0	0	24-14	2.30
Cousins	0.0	2	2	2	1	0	0	11-5	4.82
Williams, D (S, 10)	1.0	0	0	0	2	3	0	26-14	0.46
Totals	9.0	11	8	8	10	8	1

Reds Pitchers	IP	H	R	ER	BB	K	HR	P-S	ERA
Ashcraft (L, 3-4)	4.0	9	10	10	4	2	2	86-51	6.64
Salazar	3.0	1	0	0	0	1	0	39-24	8.53
Herget	2.0	1	0	0	0	0	0	27-17	4.79
Totals	9.0	11	10	10	4	3	2

Game Info
WP: Cousins.
HBP: Contreras, Wm (by Salazar).
Pitches-strikes: Rea 93-62; Megill 35-14; Wilson, B 24-14; Cousins 11-5; Williams, D 26-14; Ashcraft 86-51; Salazar 39-24; Herget 27-17.
Groundouts-flyouts: Rea 7-1; Megill 1-1; Wilson, B 2-1; Cousins 0-0; Williams, D 0-0; Ashcraft 5-3; Salazar 4-2; Herget 3-2.
Batters faced: Rea 24; Megill 7; Wilson, B 8; Cousins 3; Williams, D 5; Ashcraft 25; Salazar 10; Herget 6.
Inherited runners-scored: Williams, D 2-1.
Umpires: HP: John Libka. 1B: Clint Vondrak. 2B: James Hoye. 3B: D.J. Reyburn.
Weather: 91 degrees, Cloudy.
Wind: 7 mph, L To R.
First pitch: 4:14 PM.
T: 2:58.
Att: 25,485.
Venue: Great American Ball Park.
June 3, 2023

Inning	Scoring Play	Score
Top 1	Rowdy Tellez singles on a line drive to center fielder Stuart Fairchild. Christian Yelich scores.	1-0 MIL
Bottom 1	Spencer Steer singles on a sharp ground ball to shortstop Andruw Monasterio. Matt McLain scores. Jake Fraley to 3rd.	1-1
Top 2	Blake Perkins singles on a sharp line drive to right fielder Jake Fraley. Andruw Monasterio scores. Joey Wiemer to 2nd.	2-1 MIL
Top 2	Christian Yelich singles on a sharp ground ball to center fielder Stuart Fairchild. Joey Wiemer scores. Blake Perkins to 3rd.	3-1 MIL
Top 2	Owen Miller grounds into a force out, third baseman Nick Senzel to second baseman Kevin Newman. Blake Perkins scores. Christian Yelich out at 2nd. Owen Miller to 1st.	4-1 MIL
Top 3	Joey Wiemer walks. William Contreras scores. Brian Anderson to 3rd. Jon Singleton to 2nd.	5-1 MIL
Top 3	Blake Perkins hits a grand slam (1) to right field. Brian Anderson scores. Jon Singleton scores. Joey Wiemer scores.	9-1 MIL
Bottom 3	Jonathan India grounds out, shortstop Andruw Monasterio to first baseman Jon Singleton. Matt McLain scores.	9-2 MIL
Bottom 3	Jake Fraley homers (6) on a fly ball to right center field.	9-3 MIL
Top 4	William Contreras homers (7) on a fly ball to center field.	10-3 MIL
Bottom 6	Kevin Newman out on a sacrifice fly to right fielder Blake Perkins. Stuart Fairchild scores. Will Benson to 3rd.	10-4 MIL
Bottom 6	Jonathan India singles on a sharp line drive to center fielder Joey Wiemer. Curt Casali scores. Matt McLain scores.	10-6 MIL
Bottom 9	Spencer Steer singles on a sharp ground ball to left fielder Christian Yelich. Jake Fraley scores.	10-7 MIL
Bottom 9	T.J. Hopkins walks. Spencer Steer scores. Nick Senzel to 3rd. Will Benson to 2nd.	10-8 MIL

Team	Highlight
CIN	Bullpen availability for Cincinnati, June 3 vs Brewers (00:00:07)
MIL	Bullpen availability for Milwaukee, June 3 vs Reds (00:00:07)
MIL	Fielding alignment for Milwaukee, June 3 vs Reds (00:00:11)
CIN	Fielding alignment for Cincinnati, June 3 vs Brewers (00:00:11)
CIN	Starting lineups for Brewers at Reds - June 3, 2023 (00:00:09)
MIL	Colin Rea's outing against the Reds (00:00:25)
MIL	Rowdy Tellez's RBI single (00:00:18)
CIN	Spencer Steer's RBI single (00:00:24)
MIL	Blake Perkins' RBI single (00:00:17)
MIL	Christian Yelich's RBI single (00:00:18)
MIL	Owen Miller's RBI groundout (00:00:21)
MIL	Joey Wiemer's RBI walk (00:00:07)
MIL	Perkins hits a grand slam (1) (00:00:34)
CIN	Jonathan India's RBI groundout (00:00:18)
CIN	Jake Fraley's solo HR (6) (00:00:14)
MIL	William Contreras' solo HR (7) (00:00:25)
MIL	Jon Singleton's single (00:00:11)
MIL	Brewers' five-run 3rd inning (00:00:48)
CIN	Kevin Newman's sac fly (00:00:20)
CIN	Jonathan India's two-run single (00:00:28)
MIL	Rea K's five (00:00:47)
CIN	Graham Ashcraft K's two (00:00:38)
MIL	India steals third after a review (00:01:09)
CIN	Spencer Steer's second RBI single (00:00:19)
CIN	T.J. Hopkins' RBI walk (00:00:07)
MIL	Williams secures the save (00:00:07)
MIL	Brewers' radio call on Perkins (00:00:31)

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9		R	H	E	LOB
Brewers	1	3	5	1	0	0	0	0	0		10	11	0	4
Reds	1	0	2	0	0	3	0	0	2		8	11	0	12

Decisions

• Winner: Colin Rea (3-3, 4.94)
• Loser: Graham Ashcraft (3-4, 6.64)
• Save: Devin Williams (10, 0.46)

Division Scoreboard

STL 3 @ PIT 4 - Final
CHC @ SD 10:10 PM EDT
Next Reds Game: Sun, Jun 04, 01:40 PM EDT vs. Brewers
^{Last Updated: 06/03/2023 08:14:44 PM EDT}

If you have some time, suggest you review the minutes of meetings held between Milbank and other professionals on the Unsecured Creditors Committee (UCC). It is an interesting read on the back and forth to get to Sorrento’s asset evaluation and sale. A lot of meetings and discussions of Sorrento’s pipeline and assets sale of IP, products and candidates. A company called BRG is one the consultants helping with the process. I looked up BRG, correct me if I am wrong but looks like they are Berkeley Research Group ( a global consulting firm). They are rated by Forbes as one of America’s best management consulting firm. Healthcare is among their area of expertise.
Looks like there was a meeting on 3/9/23 to evaluate an unsolicited offer to purchaseIP/ product assets. Curious to know who that investment banker is.
There is also discussion of an informational meeting with Piper Sandler, Milbank and BRG.
I wonder if they are the investment banker referred to
Discussion also on the analysis of Sofusa patent portfolio and regulatory activities in connection with purchase offer and valuation. BRG is shown heavily involved in discussions with a potential investment banker on the sale of IP/product assets.
This is just a tiny flavor of things going on in the background on the UCC side of the coin. If interested you can read also the Monthly Statement from LW. There is a lot you can learn about coordination behind the scenes. You will begin to appreciate and understand the work that is going on behind the scenes and why LW along with all the professionals that are representing Sorrento are as successful as they are in JJ’s court. If you get a chance to look up the monthly statements from the UCC and LW, your take would be appreciate.
see below a description of SP for FYI
Piper Sandler Companies is an American independent investment bank and financial services company, focused on mergers and acquisitions, financial restructuring, public offerings, public finance, institutional brokerage, investment management and securities research. Through its principal subsidiary, Piper Sandler & Co., the company targets corporations, institutional investors, and public entities.
Based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Piper Sandler has more than 55 offices.[2] The company was founded in 1895.
Piper Jaffray was named one of America's 50 Most Trustworthy Financial Companies by Forbes magazine in 2015 and 2017.[3]Piper Jaffray was also named 2014 Investment Bank of the Year by Mergers & Acquisitions Journal.[4]
On July 9, 2019, the company announced an agreement to buy fellow investment bank Sandler O'Neill, with the new combined entity to be called Piper Sandler Cos.[5]

For Premium Academic Writing and Assistance with Class For assignments, contact me. Discord: Gradmaven#2681 Email: [email protected]. WhatsApp: +1(908) 897-2817 Do you have an assignment that is due soon? Or a course that is draining you? Are you on a short deadline and would like to get help with writing tasks? I am offering professional writing help services to undergrad and graduate students. I have been helping many students with tons of papers since 2014. I have helped them ace their assignments. Hire my top-quality writing services at affordable rates. I am reliable, quick, and efficient, and I deliver plagiarism-free essay papers. Having been in the business for more than nine years, I understand all the dynamics. I am vastly experienced in handling your assignments and guarantee you a straight A. Below are some of the tasks that I can do for you. Classes I have managed: General Chemistry, Object Oriented Design, Securing Databases Health & Sciences: Human Anatomy & Physiology Nursing Chemistry Healthcare Management Biomedical Science Social Sciences: Sociology Psychology Philosophy Humanities: American Studies Canadian Politics Cultural Studies Gender Studies Environmental Science International Relations Film Analysis Business: Business Management Accounting Marketing Human Resource Supply Chain Languages: English Literature Creative Writing Writing: Research Proposals Argumentative and Critical analysis essay Persuasive Essay: logos, ethos, and pathos Research papers Dissertation and Thesis Book Reviews Literature Review Literature Essays Case Studies Capstone Projects Creative Essay Editing and Proofreading PowerPoint Presentations Annotated Bibliography Online Classes Lab Reports Cover Letters Common App Essays Statement of Purpose (SOPs) Personal Statement VERIFIED WRITER: I have helped more than one hundred students with assignments, essays, research papers, thesis, and online classwork. I endeavor to establish a long-term work relationship with you. Therefore, you should expect top-notch professionalism. Working with me guarantees you: · Zero plagiarism · You own the writing upon payment · Great turnaround time · 100% original work · Your privacy is preserved · I meet deadlines NATIVE SPEAKER: Our writers are all native speakers. Therefore, we can effortlessly spot grammatical errors. Our team of editors and proofreaders will ensure no grammatical errors slip through the paragraphs. Hence, every essay I write for you will not have any grammatical mistakes. Reviews: Students Satisfied Reference Formats: APA 7, MLA, CHICAGO, HARVARD, ACS, OSCOLA Payment Method: PayPal Transactions ONLY SAMPLES: I will provide you with original samples for your perusal and confirmation upon your request. Contact: You can DM/PM me on Reddit. Meanwhile, I also use Discord and Email for sharing files. Our Discord: Gradmaven#2681 and Email: [email protected]. Here to offer you the best! HMU!

Brewers @ Reds - Sat, Jun 03

Game Status: Final - Score: 10-8 Brewers

Links & Info

• Current conditions at Great American Ball Park: 91°F - Cloudy - Wind 7 mph, L To R
• TV: Brewers: Bally Sports Wisconsin, Reds: Bally Sports Ohio
• Radio: Brewers: Brewers Radio Network, WTMJ 620, Reds: WLW 700
• MLB Gameday
• Game Graphs
• Savant Gamefeed

	Brewers Batters	AB	R	H	RBI	BB	K	LOB	AVG	OBP	SLG
1	Yelich - LF	4	1	1	1	1	0	0	.257	.353	.396
2	Miller, O - 2B	5	0	0	1	0	2	2	.319	.354	.478
	Turang - SS	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.203	.250	.297
3	Tellez - DH	5	0	2	1	0	1	1	.243	.325	.486
4	Contreras, Wm - C	4	2	2	1	0	0	2	.241	.339	.420
5	Anderson, B - 3B	4	1	1	0	1	0	2	.233	.330	.409
6	Singleton - 1B	4	1	1	0	0	0	1	.250	.250	.250
7	Monasterio - 2B	4	1	1	0	0	0	4	.375	.444	.438
8	Wiemer - CF	2	2	1	1	2	0	0	.205	.281	.367
9	Perkins, B - RF	4	2	2	5	0	0	1	.188	.188	.375
	Totals	36	10	11	10	4	3	13

Brewers
BATTING: HR: Perkins, B (1, 3rd inning off Ashcraft, 3 on, 1 out); Contreras, Wm (7, 4th inning off Ashcraft, 0 on, 1 out). TB: Anderson, B; Contreras, Wm 5; Monasterio; Perkins, B 5; Singleton; Tellez 2; Wiemer; Yelich. RBI: Contreras, Wm (19); Miller, O (16); Perkins, B 5 (5); Tellez (27); Wiemer (17); Yelich (25). GIDP: Contreras, Wm. Team RISP: 5-for-7. Team LOB: 4.
FIELDING: DP: (Monasterio-Miller, O-Singleton).

	Reds Batters	AB	R	H	RBI	BB	K	LOB	AVG	OBP	SLG
1	Newman - 2B	5	0	1	1	0	1	5	.279	.342	.375
2	McLain - SS	5	3	2	0	1	1	5	.333	.398	.507
3	India - DH	5	0	1	3	0	1	3	.276	.364	.425
4	Fraley - RF	4	2	3	1	1	0	1	.258	.348	.417
5	Steer - 1B	3	1	2	2	2	0	0	.292	.364	.498
6	Senzel - 3B	5	0	1	0	0	2	5	.256	.331	.381
7	Fairchild - CF	3	1	0	0	1	1	0	.226	.324	.355
	a-Stephenson, T - PH	1	0	0	0	0	1	2	.240	.330	.335
8	Benson - LF	3	0	1	0	2	1	0	.154	.233	.205
9	Casali - C	2	1	0	0	2	0	0	.172	.284	.207
	b-Hopkins - PH	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	.000	1.000	.000
	Totals	36	8	11	8	10	8	21

Reds
a-Struck out for Fairchild in the 9th. b-Walked for Casali in the 9th.
BATTING: 3B: McLain (1, Rea). HR: Fraley (6, 3rd inning off Rea, 0 on, 2 out). TB: Benson; Fraley 6; India; McLain 4; Newman; Senzel; Steer 2. RBI: Fraley (36); Hopkins (1); India 3 (29); Newman (19); Steer 2 (30). 2-out RBI: Steer; Fraley; India 2. Runners left in scoring position, 2 out: McLain 2; Fraley; India; Senzel 4; Newman. SF: Newman. GIDP: Senzel. Team RISP: 3-for-13. Team LOB: 12.
FIELDING: Pickoffs: Salazar (Wiemer at 1st base). DP: (Newman-Steer).

Brewers Pitchers	IP	H	R	ER	BB	K	HR	P-S	ERA
Rea (W, 3-3)	5.0	6	3	3	3	5	1	93-62	4.94
Megill	1.0	1	3	3	3	0	0	35-14	5.87
Wilson, B	2.0	2	0	0	1	0	0	24-14	2.30
Cousins	0.0	2	2	2	1	0	0	11-5	4.82
Williams, D (S, 10)	1.0	0	0	0	2	3	0	26-14	0.46
Totals	9.0	11	8	8	10	8	1

Reds Pitchers	IP	H	R	ER	BB	K	HR	P-S	ERA
Ashcraft (L, 3-4)	4.0	9	10	10	4	2	2	86-51	6.64
Salazar	3.0	1	0	0	0	1	0	39-24	8.53
Herget	2.0	1	0	0	0	0	0	27-17	4.79
Totals	9.0	11	10	10	4	3	2

Game Info
WP: Cousins.
HBP: Contreras, Wm (by Salazar).
Pitches-strikes: Rea 93-62; Megill 35-14; Wilson, B 24-14; Cousins 11-5; Williams, D 26-14; Ashcraft 86-51; Salazar 39-24; Herget 27-17.
Groundouts-flyouts: Rea 7-1; Megill 1-1; Wilson, B 2-1; Cousins 0-0; Williams, D 0-0; Ashcraft 5-3; Salazar 4-2; Herget 3-2.
Batters faced: Rea 24; Megill 7; Wilson, B 8; Cousins 3; Williams, D 5; Ashcraft 25; Salazar 10; Herget 6.
Inherited runners-scored: Williams, D 2-1.
Umpires: HP: John Libka. 1B: Clint Vondrak. 2B: James Hoye. 3B: D.J. Reyburn.
Weather: 91 degrees, Cloudy.
Wind: 7 mph, L To R.
First pitch: 4:14 PM.
T: 2:58.
Att: 25,485.
Venue: Great American Ball Park.
June 3, 2023

Inning	Scoring Play	Score
Top 1	Rowdy Tellez singles on a line drive to center fielder Stuart Fairchild. Christian Yelich scores.	1-0 MIL
Bottom 1	Spencer Steer singles on a sharp ground ball to shortstop Andruw Monasterio. Matt McLain scores. Jake Fraley to 3rd.	1-1
Top 2	Blake Perkins singles on a sharp line drive to right fielder Jake Fraley. Andruw Monasterio scores. Joey Wiemer to 2nd.	2-1 MIL
Top 2	Christian Yelich singles on a sharp ground ball to center fielder Stuart Fairchild. Joey Wiemer scores. Blake Perkins to 3rd.	3-1 MIL
Top 2	Owen Miller grounds into a force out, third baseman Nick Senzel to second baseman Kevin Newman. Blake Perkins scores. Christian Yelich out at 2nd. Owen Miller to 1st.	4-1 MIL
Top 3	Joey Wiemer walks. William Contreras scores. Brian Anderson to 3rd. Jon Singleton to 2nd.	5-1 MIL
Top 3	Blake Perkins hits a grand slam (1) to right field. Brian Anderson scores. Jon Singleton scores. Joey Wiemer scores.	9-1 MIL
Bottom 3	Jonathan India grounds out, shortstop Andruw Monasterio to first baseman Jon Singleton. Matt McLain scores.	9-2 MIL
Bottom 3	Jake Fraley homers (6) on a fly ball to right center field.	9-3 MIL
Top 4	William Contreras homers (7) on a fly ball to center field.	10-3 MIL
Bottom 6	Kevin Newman out on a sacrifice fly to right fielder Blake Perkins. Stuart Fairchild scores. Will Benson to 3rd.	10-4 MIL
Bottom 6	Jonathan India singles on a sharp line drive to center fielder Joey Wiemer. Curt Casali scores. Matt McLain scores.	10-6 MIL
Bottom 9	Spencer Steer singles on a sharp ground ball to left fielder Christian Yelich. Jake Fraley scores.	10-7 MIL
Bottom 9	T.J. Hopkins walks. Spencer Steer scores. Nick Senzel to 3rd. Will Benson to 2nd.	10-8 MIL

Team	Highlight
CIN	Bullpen availability for Cincinnati, June 3 vs Brewers (00:00:07)
MIL	Bullpen availability for Milwaukee, June 3 vs Reds (00:00:07)
MIL	Fielding alignment for Milwaukee, June 3 vs Reds (00:00:11)
CIN	Fielding alignment for Cincinnati, June 3 vs Brewers (00:00:11)
CIN	Starting lineups for Brewers at Reds - June 3, 2023 (00:00:09)
MIL	Colin Rea's outing against the Reds (00:00:25)
MIL	Rowdy Tellez's RBI single (00:00:18)
CIN	Spencer Steer's RBI single (00:00:24)
MIL	Blake Perkins' RBI single (00:00:17)
MIL	Christian Yelich's RBI single (00:00:18)
MIL	Owen Miller's RBI groundout (00:00:21)
MIL	Joey Wiemer's RBI walk (00:00:07)
MIL	Perkins hits a grand slam (1) (00:00:34)
CIN	Jonathan India's RBI groundout (00:00:18)
CIN	Jake Fraley's solo HR (6) (00:00:14)
MIL	William Contreras' solo HR (7) (00:00:25)
MIL	Jon Singleton's single (00:00:11)
MIL	Brewers' five-run 3rd inning (00:00:48)
CIN	Kevin Newman's sac fly (00:00:20)
CIN	Jonathan India's two-run single (00:00:28)
MIL	Rea K's five (00:00:47)
CIN	Graham Ashcraft K's two (00:00:38)
MIL	India steals third after a review (00:01:09)
CIN	Spencer Steer's second RBI single (00:00:19)
CIN	T.J. Hopkins' RBI walk (00:00:07)
MIL	Williams secures the save (00:00:07)
MIL	Brewers' radio call on Perkins (00:00:31)
CIN	David Bell on Reds' 10-8 loss (00:01:41)
CIN	T.J. Hopkins on MLB debut (00:00:46)
MIL	Counsell on Brewers' 10-8 win (00:01:28)

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9		R	H	E	LOB
Brewers	1	3	5	1	0	0	0	0	0		10	11	0	4
Reds	1	0	2	0	0	3	0	0	2		8	11	0	12

Decisions

• Winner: Colin Rea (3-3, 4.94)
• Loser: Graham Ashcraft (3-4, 6.64)
• Save: Devin Williams (10, 0.46)

Division Scoreboard

STL 3 @ PIT 4 - Final
CHC 0 @ SD 3 - Bottom 5, 1 Out
^{Last Updated: 06/03/2023 11:28:01 PM EDT}

Company Name	Title	City
Aveanna Healthcare	Hospice RN Clinical Manager	Antioch
Stability Healthcare	ICU Travel RN	Bristol
Teleperformance USA	Customer Service Representative- Tethered- Within 50miles of Bristol, TN	BRISTOL
Parkridge East Hospital	Operating Room Nurse	Chattanooga
Parkridge East Hospital	RN Mother Baby	Chattanooga
Parkridge East Hospital	OR Nurse	Chattanooga
Aveanna Healthcare	Weekend Salaried Registered Nurse RN Baylor Full Time Benefited	Clarksville
Lee Company	Commercial Project Manager	Columbia
Lee Company	Project Manager	Columbia
Lee Company	Project Risk Manager	Columbia
Johns Family & Implant Dentistry	Hygiene Assistant	Cookeville
Johns Family & Implant Dentistry	Dental Hygienist	Cookeville
Aveanna Healthcare	Home Health Physical Therapist Full Time	Fayetteville
Aveanna Healthcare	Hospice and Palliative Care Nurse	Franklin
Aveanna Healthcare	Weekend Salaried Registered Nurse RN Baylor Full Time Benefited	Franklin
Sumner Regional Medical Center - Highpoint	RN - CCU FT 7P-7A	Gallatin
Premier Transportation	CDL A Truck Driver	Gladeville
Aveanna Healthcare	Home Health Licensed Practical Nurse LPN Full Time Hendersonville	Hendersonville
US Tsubaki Automotive, LLC	Assembler-2nd Shift	Hendersonville
TriStar Skyline Medical Center	IBD Nurse	Lebanon
TriStar Skyline Medical Center	Gastroenterology Nurse	Lebanon
Fast Pace Health	Dermatology Nurse	Martin
Fast Pace Health	Skin Care Nurse	Martin
UniFirst	Maintenance Technician I - UniFirst	Memphis
Aveanna Healthcare	Home Health Licensed Practical Nurse Full Time Murfreesboro	Murfreesboro

Hey guys, here are some recent job openings , feel free to comment here if you have any questions, I'm at the community's disposal! If you encounter any problems with any of these job openings please let me know that I will modify the table accordingly. Thanks!

Company Name	Title	City
Aveanna Healthcare	Hospice RN Clinical Manager	Antioch
Stability Healthcare	ICU Travel RN	Bristol
Teleperformance USA	Customer Service Representative- Tethered- Within 50miles of Bristol, TN	BRISTOL
Parkridge East Hospital	Operating Room Nurse	Chattanooga
Parkridge East Hospital	RN Mother Baby	Chattanooga
Parkridge East Hospital	OR Nurse	Chattanooga
Aveanna Healthcare	Weekend Salaried Registered Nurse RN Baylor Full Time Benefited	Clarksville
Lee Company	Commercial Project Manager	Columbia
Lee Company	Project Manager	Columbia
Lee Company	Project Risk Manager	Columbia
Johns Family & Implant Dentistry	Hygiene Assistant	Cookeville
Johns Family & Implant Dentistry	Dental Hygienist	Cookeville
Aveanna Healthcare	Home Health Physical Therapist Full Time	Fayetteville
Aveanna Healthcare	Hospice and Palliative Care Nurse	Franklin
Aveanna Healthcare	Weekend Salaried Registered Nurse RN Baylor Full Time Benefited	Franklin
Sumner Regional Medical Center - Highpoint	RN - CCU FT 7P-7A	Gallatin
Premier Transportation	CDL A Truck Driver	Gladeville
Aveanna Healthcare	Home Health Licensed Practical Nurse LPN Full Time Hendersonville	Hendersonville
US Tsubaki Automotive, LLC	Assembler-2nd Shift	Hendersonville
TriStar Skyline Medical Center	IBD Nurse	Lebanon
TriStar Skyline Medical Center	Gastroenterology Nurse	Lebanon
Fast Pace Health	Dermatology Nurse	Martin
Fast Pace Health	Skin Care Nurse	Martin
UniFirst	Maintenance Technician I - UniFirst	Memphis
Aveanna Healthcare	Home Health Licensed Practical Nurse Full Time Murfreesboro	Murfreesboro

Hey guys, here are some recent job openings , feel free to comment here if you have any questions, I'm at the community's disposal! If you encounter any problems with any of these job openings please let me know that I will modify the table accordingly. Thanks!

I've shared fiction here before and it didn't go altogether too poorly, so I'm going to press my luck and do it again. This was written about a year ago, and I'm tired of trying to peddle it to lit magazines. Might as well share it here, know that it met a few eyeballs, and have done with it.
It's relevant to the sub insofar as it's about urban alienation and the working conditions at a small business run by IN THIS HOUSE WE BELIEVE people. (I tried to pitch it as a story of the great resignation with a momentary flicker of cosmic horror.) It's based on a similar job I took on after getting laid off during the lockdown, and the circumstances of the main character's breakup are faintly similar to one I went through several years back (her job sucked the life out of her).
Without further ado:
* * *
It was getting close to midnight, and the temperature outside was still above 80 degrees. We’d locked up the shop at 10:15 and walked over to Twenty, the dive bar on Poplar Street, where a single wall-mounted air conditioner and four wobbly ceiling fans weren’t putting up much resistance against the July heat baking the place from the outside and the dense mass of bodies giving it a stifling fever from within.
Just now I came close to saying it was a Wednesday night, because that was usually when the cyclists descended upon Avenue Brew, the gritty-but-bougie craft beer and sandwich shop I was working at back then. Every Wednesday between March and November, about fifteen to twenty-five Gen Xers dressed in skintight polyester, all packages and camel toes and fanny packs, locked up their thousand-dollar bikes on the sidewalk and lined up for IPAs and paninis. They reliably arrived around 8:00, an hour before we closed, making it impossible to get started on the closing checklist and leave on time at 10:00. The worst of them were demanding and rude, and even the best got raucous and stubborn after a couple drinks. There were nights when bringing in the sidewalk tables couldn’t be done without arguing with them. Most were sub-par tippers, to boot.
After Wednesday came and went that week without so much as a single 40-something in Ray Bans and padded shorts stopping in to double-fist two cans of Jai Alai, we dared to hope the cyclists had chosen another spot to be their finish line from there on out. But no—they’d only postponed their weekly ride, and swarmed us on Friday night instead.
I was the last person to find out; I was clocked in as purchaser that evening. The position was something like a promotion I'd received a year earlier: for twenty hours a week, I got to retreat from the public and sit in the back room with the store laptop, reviewing sales and inventory, answering emails from brewery reps, and ordering beer, beverages, and assorted paper goods. When I put in hours as purchaser, my wage went up from $11 to $15 an hour, but I was removed from the tip pool. On most days, tips amounted to an extra two or three dollars an hour, so I usually came out ahead.
This was back in 2021. I don't know what Avenue Brew pays these days.
Anyway, at about 8:15, I stepped out to say goodbye to everyone and found the shop in chaos. Friday nights were generally pretty active, the cyclists' arrival had turned the place into a mob scene. The line extended to the front door. The phone was ringing. The Grubhub tablet dinged like an alarm clock without a snooze button. Danny was on the sandwich line and on the verge of losing his temper. Oliver was working up a sweat running food, bussing tables, and replenishing ingredients from the walk-in. The unflappable Marina was on register, and even she seemed like she was about to snap at somebody.
What else could I do? I stayed until closing to answer the phone, process Grubhub orders, hop on and off the second register, and help Danny with sandwich prep. After the tills were counted out, I stayed another hour to take care of the dishes, since nobody had a chance to do a first load. Oliver was grateful, even though he grumbled about having to make some calls and rearrange Sunday's schedule so I could come in a couple hours late. Irene and Jeremy, Avenue Brew's owners, would kick his ass if he let me go into overtime.
Danny suggested that we deserved a few drinks ourselves after managing to get through the shift without killing anyone. Not even Marina could find a reason to disagree with him.
The neighborhood had undergone enough gentrification to support an upscale brunch spot, an ice cream parlor, a gourmet burger restaurant, a coffee and bahn mi shop, and Avenue Brew (to name a few examples), but not yet quite enough that the people who staffed them couldn’t afford to live within a ten-minute walk from the main avenue where all these hep eateries stood between 24-hour corner stores with slot machines in back, late-night Chinese and Mexico-Italian takeout joints with bulletproof glass at the counters, and long-shuttered delis and shoe stores. Twenty on Poplar was the watering hole set aside for people like us. It was dim, a bit dilapidated, and inexpensive, and usually avoided by denizens of the condos popping up on the vacant lots and replacing clusters of abandoned row houses.
When we arrived, Kyle waved us over. He didn’t work at Avenue Brew anymore, but still kept up with a few of us. He was at Twenty at least four nights out of the week.
So there we all were. I sat with a brooding stranger freestyling to himself in a low mumble on the stool to my left and Oliver on my right, who tapped at his phone and nursed a bottle of Twisted Tea. To Oliver’s right sat Marina, staring at nothing in particular and trying to ignore Danny, who stood behind her, closer than she would have liked, listening to Kyle explain the crucial differences between the Invincible comic book and the Invincible web series.
I recall being startled back to something like wakefulness when it seemed to me that the ceiling had sprouted a new fan. I blinked my eyes, and it wasn’t there anymore. It reminded me of an incident from when I was still living with my folks in South Jersey and still had a car, and was driving home from a friend’s house party up in Bergen County. It was 6:30 AM, I hadn’t slept all night, and needed to get home so I could get at least little shuteye before heading to Whole Foods for my 11:00 AM shift. I imagined I passed beneath the shadows of overpasses I knew weren’t there, and realized I was dreaming at the wheel.
I was pretty thoroughly zombified at that point. Heather and I had broken up for good the night before, and I hadn't gotten even a minute of sleep. Calling out at Avenue Brew was tough. Unless you found someone willing to cover your shift on like six hours' notice, you were liable to get a writeup, a demotion, or your hours cut if you couldn't produce a doctor's note. So I loaded up on caffeine pills and Five-Hour Energy bottles at the corner store, and powered through as best I could.
I finished the last thimbleful of Blue Moon in my glass. Oliver wiped the sweat from the back of his neck with a napkin and covered his mouth to stifle a laugh at the KiwiFarms thread he was scrolling through. Pool balls clacked; somebody swore and somebody laughed. The TouchTunes box was playing Bob Dylan’s “Rain Day Woman #12 & 35,” and enough bleary 40-something men around the bar were bobbing their heads and mouthing the words to make it impossible to determine which one of them paid two bucks to hear it. A guy by the cigarette machine who looked like a caricature of Art Carney in flannel and an old Pixies T-shirt was accosting a woman who must have been a toddler when he hit drinking age, and she momentarily made eye contact with me as she scanned the area for a way out. Danny was shouting over the bartender’s head, carrying on a conversation with the Hot Guy from Pizza Stan’s, who was sitting on the horseshoe’s opposite arm.
I never got his name, but when Oliver first referred to him as the Hot Guy from Pizza Stan’s, I knew exactly who he meant. Philly scene kid par excellence. Mid-20s, washed-out black denim, dyed black hair, thick bangs, and dark, gentle eyes. He was only truly alluring when he was on the job, because he seldom smiled then—and when he smiled, he broke the spell by exposing his teeth, stained a gnarly shade of mahogany from too much smoking and not enough brushing.
“How’s Best? Marcus still a joker?” Danny asked him.
“Yeah, you know Marcus. You know how he is.”
So the Hot Guy had been working at Best Burger (directly across the street from Avenue Brew) ever since Pizza Stan’s owners mismanaged the place unto insolvency. (Afterwards it was renovated and reopened as a vegan bakery—which incidentally closed down about a month ago.) Danny used to work at Best Burger, but that ended after he got into a shouting match with the owner. I happened to overhear it while I was dragging in the tables and collecting the chairs from the sidewalk the night it happened. It wasn’t any of my business, and I tried not to pay attention, but they were really tearing into each other. A month later, Oliver welcomed Danny aboard at Avenue Brew. I hadn’t known he’d been interviewed, and by then it was too late to mention the incident. But I’d have been a hypocrite to call it a red flag after the way I resigned from my position as Café Chakra's assistant manager two years earlier—not that we need to go dredging that up right now. Let's say there was some bad blood and leave it at that.
Anyway, I was thinking about giving in and buying a pack of cigarettes from the machine—and then remembered that Twenty didn’t have a cigarette machine. I looked again. The Art Carney-lookalike was still there, fingering his phone with a frown, but the girl was gone—and so was the cigarette machine.
I had only a moment to puzzle over this before Danny clapped me on the shoulder and thrust a shot glass in front of me.
“Starfish!” he said. (Danny called me Starfish. Everybody else called me Pat.) “You look like you need some juice.”
He distributed shots to everyone else. Marina declined hers, but changed her mind when Kyle offered to take it instead.
She and Kyle had stopped sleeping together after Kyle left Avenue Brew to work at the Victory taproom on the Parkway, but Marina was still concerned about his bad habits, which Danny delighted in encouraging.
We all leaned in to clink our glasses. Before I could find an appropriate moment to ask Marina if I could bum a cigarette, she got up to visit the bathroom. Danny took her seat and bowed his head for a conspiratorial word with Kyle.
I watched from the corner of my eye and tried to listen in. Like Marina, I was a little worried about Kyle. He got hired at Avenue Brew around the same time I did, just before the pandemic temporarily turned us into a takeout joint. He was a senior at Drexel then, an English major, and sometimes talked about wanting to either find work in publishing or carve out a career as a freelance writer after graduating. But first he intended to spend a year getting some life in before submitting himself to the forever grind.
He read a lot of Charles Bukowski and Hunter Thompson. He relished the gritty and sordid, and had already been good at sniffing it out around the neighborhood and in West Philly before Danny introduced him to cocaine, casinos, strip clubs, and a rogue’s gallery of shady but fascinating people. (None were really Danny’s friends; just fellow passengers who intersected with the part of his life where he sometimes went to Parx, sometimes came out ahead, sometimes spent his winnings on coke, and sometimes did bumps at titty bars.) Kyle recounted these adventures with a boyish enthusiasm for the naked reality of sleaze, like a middle schooler telling his locker room buddies about catching his older brother in flagrante and seeing so-and-so body parts doing such-and-such things.
Marina hated it. She never said as much to me, but she was afraid that the template Kyle set for his life during his “year off” was in danger of becoming locked in. The anniversary of his graduation had already passed, and now here he was trying to convince Danny to contribute a couple hundred dollars toward a sheet of acid his guy had for sale. He wasn't doing much writing lately.
I was the oldest employee at Avenue Brew (as I write this I’m 37, but fortunately I don’t look it), and when Kyle still worked with us I felt like it was my prerogative to give him some advice. The longer he waited to make inroads, I once told him, the more likely he’d be seen as damaged goods by the publishing world. He needed to jam his foot in the door while he was still young.
I could tell the conversation bored him, and didn’t bring up the subject again.
The bartender took my glass and curtly asked if I’d like another drink.
“No thanks, not yet,” I answered.
She slid me my bill.
I missed the old bartender, the one she’d replaced. I forget her name, but she was ingenuous and energetic and sweet. Pretty much everyone had some sort of crush on her. Sometimes she came into Avenue Brew for lunch, and tipped us as well as we tipped her. Maybe three months before that night—Danny witnessed it—she suddenly started crying and rushed out the door. Everyone at the bar mutely looked to each other for an explanation. (Fortunately for Twenty, the kitchen manager hadn’t left yet, and picked up the rest of her shift.)
She never came back. None of us had seen her since. But drafts still had to be poured and bottlecaps pulled off, and now here was another white woman in her mid-twenties wearing a black tank top, a pushup bra, and a scrunchie, same as before. Twenty’s regulars grew accustomed to not expecting to see the person she’d replaced, and life went on.
“How’re you doing?” I asked Oliver, just to say something to somebody, and to keep my thoughts from wandering back to Heather.
“Just kind of existing right now,” he answered. His phone lay face-up on the counter. He was swiping through Instagram, and I recognized the avatar of the user whose album he hate-browsed.
“And how’s Austin been?” I asked.
“Oh, you know. Not even three weeks after getting over the jetlag from his trip back from the Cascades, he’s off touring Ireland.” He shook his head. “Living his best life.”
He’d hired Austin on a part-time basis in September. We needed a new associate when Emma was promoted to replace a supervisor who'd quit without even giving his two weeks. There was a whole thing. I'm having a hard time recalling the guy's name, but I liked him well enough. He was a good worker and he seemed like a bright kid, but he was—well, he was young. Naïve. One day he found Jeremy sitting in the back room with his laptop, and took advantage of the open-door policy to ask why the store manager and supervisors didn’t get health benefits or paid time off. Jeremy told him it "was being worked on," and that he couldn’t discuss it any further at that time. I understand the kid got argumentative, though I never knew precisely what was said.
Irene started visiting the shop a lot more often after that, almost always arriving when the kid was working. No matter what he was doing, she’d find a reason to intervene, to micromanage and harangue him, and effectively make his job impossible. A coincidence, surely.
It’s something I still think about. By any metric, Jeremy and Irene have done very well for themselves. They’re both a little over 40 years old. I remember hearing they met at law school. In addition to Avenue Brew, they own a bistro in Francisville and an ice cream parlor in Point Breeze. They have a house on the Blue Line, send their son to a Montessori school, and pull up to their businesses in a white Volkswagen ID.4. But whenever the subject of benefits, wages, or even free shift meals came up, they pled poverty. It simply couldn’t be done. But they liked to remind us about all they did to make Avenue Brew a fun place to work, like let the staff pick the music and allow Oliver and me to conduct a beer tasting once a day. They stuck Black Lives Matter, Believe Women, and Progress flag decals on the front door and windows, and I remember Irene wearing a Black Trans Lives Matter shirt once or twice when covering a supervisor's shift. None of the college students or recent graduates who composed most of Avenue Brew's staff could say the bosses weren't on the right team. And yet...
I'm sorry—I was talking about Austin. He was maybe 30 and already had another job, a “real” job, some sort of remote gig lucrative enough for him to make rent on a studio in the picturesque Episcopal church down the street that had been converted into upscale apartments some years back. Austin wasn’t looking for extra cash. He wanted to socialize. To have something to do and people to talk to in the outside world. He wanted to make friends, and all of us could appreciate that—but it’s hard to be fond of a coworker who irredeemably sucks at his job. Austin never acted with any urgency, was inattentive to detail, and even after repeated interventions from Oliver and the supervisors, he continued to perform basic tasks in bafflingly inefficient ways. Having Austin on your shift meant carrying his slack, and everyone was fed up after a few months. Oliver sat him down, told him he was on thin ice, and gave him a list of the areas in which he needed to improve if he didn’t want to be let go.
When Austin gave Oliver the indignant “I don’t need this job” speech, it was different from those times Danny or I told a boss to go to hell and walked out. Austin truly didn’t need it. He basically said the job was beneath him, and so was Oliver.
It got deep under Oliver’s skin. He did need the job and had to take it seriously, even when it meant being the dipshit manager chewing out a man four or five years his senior. He earned $18 an hour (plus tips when he wasn’t doing admin work), had debts to pay off, and couldn't expect to get any help from his family.
The important thing, though, the part I distinctly remember, was that Oliver was looking at a video of a wading bird Austin had recorded. An egret, maybe. White feathers, long black legs, pointy black beak. Austin must have been standing on a ledge above a creek, because he had an overhead view of the bird as it stood in the water, slowly and deliberately stretching and retracting its neck, eyeing the wriggling little shadows below. As far as the fish could know, they were swimming around a pair of reeds growing out of the silt. The predator from which they extended was of a world beyond their understanding and out of their reach.
The video ended. Oliver moved on to the next item: a photograph of the bird from the same perspective, with a fish clamped in its beak. Water droplets flung from the victim's thrashing tail caught the sunlight. And I remember now, I clearly remember, the shapes of like twelve other fish stupidly milling about the bird's feet, unperturbed and unpanicked.
Danny peered at Oliver’s phone and observed a resemblance between the bird—its shape and bearing, and the composition of the photograph—and a POV porn video shot from behind and above, and he told us so. Elaborately. He made squawking noises.
“And mom says I’m a degenerate,” Oliver sighed. “Can you practice your interspecies pickup artist shit somewhere else?” Oliver flicked his wrist, shooing Danny off, and held his phone in front of his face to signal that he was done talking.
Danny sagged a little on his stool and turned away. I sometimes felt bad for him. For all his faults, he had the heart of a puppy dog. He really did think of us as his tribe. There was nobody else who’d only ever answer “yes” when you asked him to pick up a shift, and he did it completely out of loyalty.
He was turning 29 in a week. I wondered how many people would actually turn out to celebrate with him at the Black Taxi. Kyle probably would—but even he regarded Danny more as a source of vulgar entertainment than a friend.
Then it happened again. When I turned to speak to Oliver, there’d been a pair of pool cues leaning side-by-side against the wall a few stools down. Now they were gone.
This time it might have been my imagination. Somebody passing by could have casually snatched them up and kept walking.
But a moment later I seemed to notice a second TouchTunes box protruding from the wall directly behind me. I let it be.
Marina returned from the bathroom. Danny rose and offered her back her seat with an exaggerated bow. Before she got settled, I asked if she’d like to step outside with me. She withdrew her pack of Marlboro Menthols from her canvas bag, which she left sitting on the stool to deter Danny from sitting back down.
Marina never minded letting me bum cigarettes from time to time. I couldn’t buy them for myself anymore; it’s a habit I could never keep under control, and was only getting more expensive. Like everything else in the world. About once a month I reimbursed her by buying her a pack.
The air out on the sidewalk was as hot as the air inside Twenty, but easier to breathe. After lighting up, Marina leaned against the bricks and sighed.
“I wish Oliver would fire Danny already and get it over with.”
I nodded. Marina rarely talked about anything but work.
“He sneaks drinks and doesn't think anyone notices he's buzzed,” she went on. “He steals so much shit and isn’t even a little subtle about it. He’s going to get Oliver in trouble. And he’s a creep.”
“Yeah,” I said. These were her usual complaints about Danny, and they were all true. “At least he’s better than Austin.”
“That’s a low bar.”
Three dirt bikes and an ATV roared down the lonely street, charging through stop sign after stop sign, putting our talk on hold.
“Remind me. You’ve got one semester left, right?” I asked after the noise ebbed.
“Yep.”
Marina was a marketing major at Temple. She’d had an internship during the spring semester, and her boss told her to give her a call the very minute she graduated. Her parents in central Pennsylvania couldn’t pay her rent or tuition for her, so she was a full-time student and a full-time employee at Avenue Brew. Her emotional spectrum ranged from "tired" to "over it." She’d been waiting tables and working at coffee shops since she was seventeen, had no intention of continuing for even a day longer than she had to, and feared the escape hatch would slam shut if she dallied too long after prying it open.
She’d considered majoring in English, like Kyle. She went for marketing instead. I couldn’t blame her.
“Are you okay?” she asked. “You’ve been kind of off all day.”
“I’m terrible.”
“Why?”
I gave dodgy answers, but she asked precisely the right follow-up questions to get me going about what happened with Heather the night before.
It was the new job. Before the pandemic, Heather worked as a server at a Center City bar and grill. (That's where I met her; we were coworkers for about a year, and then I left to work Café Chakra because it was quieter and closer to where I lived.) When the place closed its doors and laid everyone off during the lockdown, she got a stopgap job at the Acme on Passyunk, and hated it. Then in March, she found a bar-and-lounge gig in a ritzy hotel on Broad Street. Very corporate. Excellent pay, great benefits. Definitely a step up. But her new employers made Irene and Jeremy look like Bob and Linda Belcher by comparison. It was the kind of place where someone had recently gotten herself fired for leaving work to rush to the hospital after getting the news that her grandmother was about to be taken off life support, and not finding someone to come in and cover the last two hours of her shift.
Heather seldom worked fewer than fifty-five hours a week, and her schedule was even more erratic than mine. At least once a week she left the hotel at 1:00 or 2:00 AM and returned at 9:00 the next morning. Neither of us could remember the last time she’d had two consecutive days off, and it had been over a month since one of mine overlapped with one of hers. She’d spent it drinking alone at home. All she wanted was some privacy.
I’d biked to South Philly to meet her when she got home at 1:30. The argument that killed our relationship for good began around 2:30, when I complained that we never had sex anymore. Heather accused me of only caring about that, when she was so exhausted and stressed that her hair was falling out in the shower. Quit the job? She couldn’t quit. The money was too good. She had student loans, medical bills, and credit card debt, and for the first time in her life she could imagine paying it all off before hitting menopause.
So, yeah, I was cranky about our sex life being dead in the water. Say whatever you like. But at that point, what were we to each other? We did nothing together anymore but complain about work before one or both of us fell asleep. That isn’t a relationship.
She said my hair always smelled like sandwiches, even after bathing, and she was done pretending it didn’t turn her off. I told her she was one to talk—she always reeked of liquor. As things escalated, we stopped caring if her roommates heard us. “You want to be a father?” she shouted around 4:00 AM. “Making what you make? That poor fucking kid.”
We fought until sunrise, and I left her apartment with the understanding that I wouldn’t be coming back, wouldn’t be calling her ever again. I biked home and sat on the steps facing the cement panel that was my house’s backyard. After my phone died and I couldn’t anaesthetize myself with dumb YouTube videos or make myself feel crazy staring at the download button for the Tinder app, I watched the sparrows hopping on and off the utility lines for a while.
At 11:40 I went inside. One of my roommates was already in the shower, so the best I could do was put on a clean Avenue Brew T-shirt before walking to the shop and clocking in at noon to help deal with the lunch rush.
“That’s a lot,” Marina finally said. “Sorry.”
I don’t know what I was expecting her to say. She was sixteen years my junior, after all, and just a coworker. She didn’t need to hear any of this, and I definitely didn't need to be telling her. But who else was there to tell?
She’d already finished her cigarette. I still had a few puffs left. She went inside.
I decided to call it a night.
The second TouchTunes box was gone—naturally. Danny had taken my stool, and regarded my approach with a puckish you snooze you lose grin. I wasn’t going to say anything. I’d just pay my bill, give everyone a nod goodnight, and walk the five blocks back home.
And then Danny disappeared.
One second, he was there. The next—gone.
Danny didn’t just instantaneously vanish. Even when something happens in the blink of an eye, you can still put together something of a sequence. I saw him—I seemed to see him—falling into himself, collapsing to a point, and then to nothing.
You know how sometimes a sound is altogether inaudible unless you’re looking at the source—like when you don’t realize somebody’s whispering at you, and can then hear and understand them after they get your attention? I think that was the case here. I wouldn't have known to listen if I hadn't seen it happen. What I heard lingered for two, maybe three seconds, and wasn't any louder than a fly buzzing inside a lampshade. A tiny and impossibly distant scream, pitchshifted like a receding ambulance siren into a basso drone...
I don’t know. I don’t know for sure. I’m certain I remember a flash of red, and I have the idea of Danny’s trunk expanding, opening up as it imploded. A crimson flower, flecked white, with spooling pink stalks—and Danny’s wide-eyed face above it, drawn twisting and shrinking into its petals.
For an instant, Twenty’s interior shimmered. Not shimmered, exactly—glitched would be a better word. If you’re old enough to remember the fragmented graphics that sometimes flashed onscreen when you turned on the Nintendo without blowing on the cartridge, you’ll have an idea of what I mean. It happened much too fast, and there was too much of it to absorb. The one clear impression I could parse was the mirage of a cash register flickering upside-down above the pool table.
Not a cash register. The shape was familiar, but the texture was wrong. I think it was ribbed, sort of like a maggot. I think it glistened. Like—camo doesn’t work anymore when the wearer stops crouching behind a bush and breaks into a run. Do you get what I’m saying?
Nobody else seemed to notice. The pool balls clacked. A New Order track was playing on the TouchTunes box. A nearby argument about about Nick Sirianni continued unabated.
Finally, there was a downward rush of air—and this at least elicited a reaction from the bartender, who slapped my bill to keep it from sailing off the counter.
“Danny,” I said.
“Danny?” Kyle asked me quietly. His face had gone pale.
“Danny?” Oliver repeated in a faraway voice.
After a pause, Kyle blinked a few times. “You heard from him?”
“God forbid,” said Marina. “When he quit I was like, great, I can keep working here after all.”
“Oh, come on—”
“Kyle. Did I ever show you those texts he sent me once at three in the morning?” The color had returned to Oliver’s face.
“No, what did he say?”
Oliver tapped at his phone and turned the screen toward Kyle.
“Oh. Oh, jeez.”
“Right? Like—if you want to ask me something, ask me. You know? Don’t be weirdly accusatory about it…”
I pulled a wad of fives and ones from my pocket, threw it all onto the counter, and beelined for the exit without consideration for the people I squeezed through and shoved past on the way.
I heard Marina saying “let him go.”
I went a second consecutive night without sleep. Fortunately I wasn’t scheduled to come in the next day.
The schedule. It’s funny. Oliver was generally great at his job, and even when he wasn’t, I cut him a lot of slack because I knew Irene and Jeremy never gave him a moment’s peace. But I could never forgive him those times he waited until the weekend to make up and distribute the schedule. This was one of those weeks he didn’t get around to it until Saturday afternoon. When I found it in my inbox, Danny’s name wasn’t anywhere on it.
As far as I know, nobody who hadn’t been at Twenty that night asked what happened to him. We were a bit overstaffed as it was, and everyone probably assumed Danny was slated for the chopping block. The part-timers were, for the most part, happy to get a few additional hours.
Oliver abruptly quit around Labor Day after a final acrimonious clash with the owners. I never found out the details, and I never saw him again. Jeremy and Irene took turns minding the store while a replacement manager was sought. None of the supervisors would be pressured into taking the job; they knew from Oliver what they could expect.
About three weeks after Oliver left, I came in for my purchasing shift and found Jeremy waiting for me in the back room. I knew it was serious when he didn’t greet me with the awkward fist-bump he ordinarily required of his male employees.
“You’ve seen the numbers,” he said. Business for the summer had fallen short of expectations, it was true, and he and Irene had decided to rein in payroll expenses. My purchaser position was being eliminated. Its responsibilities would be redistributed among the supervisors and the new manager, when one was found. In the meantime, I'd be going back to the regular $11 an hour (plus tips of course) associate position full-time.
Jeremy assured me I'd be first in the running for supervisor the next time there was an opening.
I told him it was fine, I was done, and if he’d expected the courtesy of two weeks’ notice, he shouldn’t have blindsided me like that.
“Well, that’s your choice,” he answered, trying not to look pleased. His payroll problem was solving itself.
I racked up credit card debt for a few months. Applied for entry-level museum jobs that might appreciate my art history degree. Aimed for some purchasing and administrative assistant gigs, and just for the hell of it, turned in a resume for a facilitator position at an after-school art program. Got a few interviews. All of them eventually told me they’d decided to go in a different direction. I finally got hired to bartend at Hops from Underground, a microbrewery on Fairmount.
I’m still there. The money’s okay, but it fluctuates. Hours are reasonable. I’m on their high-deductible health plan. There’s a coworker I’ve been dating. Sort of dating. You know how it goes. In this line of work you get so used to people coming and going that you learn not to get too attached. I walk past Avenue Brew a few times a week, but stopped peering in through the window when I didn't recognize the people behind the counter anymore.

(Pun intended)
*** Effort Post ***
Whenever the topic of socialism or welfare comes up in Christian circles, the notion of Christian voluntarism is quick to follow. What is this Christian voluntarism? It is the idea that national welfare should be based on voluntary charity by the church, not the state. This idea seems to have influence in George Bush’s Compassionate Conservatism, and also to a lesser degree in David Cameron’s Big Society.
Two defenses of the concept are in “The Tragedy of American Compassion” by Marvin Olasky, and “Christian Charity vs Government Welfare” by Thomas Johnson[1]. In truth, elements of the idea itself has subtlety become accepted by a very many Christians, and is present in general Christian apologetics on economics (see bibliography). It must be noted that the proponents of the idea rarely embrace the term Christian Voluntarism[2], which seems to be rather a function of how generally accepted and non-sequitur the idea seems to be.
The theology behind Christian Voluntarism
Sadly, many of the texts linked do not have a strong theological basis; they are largely historical defenses for the idea (See Olasky 2008 and Johnson 1970). Thus, a strongman of their theology must rely on those aforementioned Christian apologetic sources rather substantially (see bibliography). Also, thanks to u/Laojac who provided a strongman here.
Christian voluntarism is fundamentally reliant on the charity practiced by the early Christian Church. We know that people in the church shared their property with each other and cared for each other; Acts 2:44-45, Acts 4:32-37. We know they were commanded to care for their families, alongside the poor, and that there were fundraising efforts to send money over to people in need in the church (1 Tim 5:3,8, Galatians 2:10, Hebrews 13:2-3, 2 Corinthians 8-9). Christian Voluntarism takes this model for charity and attempts to nationalize it is a welfare system, for charity. It uses a few methods to support this.
First, it argues that bible tells us that giving should be voluntary. 2 Corinthians 8-9, and especially 2 Corinthians 9:7, exhort voluntary charity, not done under compulsion. Ergo, the state should not require taxation to fund welfare. Whilst the online tracts do not go much further than this, there is an interesting way that this can be extrapolated further. The particular significance of this verse, interestingly enough, is it is one of the key verses to refute the requirement of tithing. Tithing existed under the wholistic economic system of the old testament that did have many rather radical economic policies; the sabbatical year and the year of jubilee, etc. So to call in this verse against the requirement of taxation does provide a rather big challenge; this new idea of caring in the new testament is not a system of governance, like in the old testament, with taxes and regulations. It is a system guided by the holy spirit, whereby people voluntarily care for those around them. The requirement for people to care for families in 1 timothy 5 would definitely fall into this.
Second, it fundamentally ties welfare to work. To quote 2 Thessalonians 3:10 - “those who do not work shall not eat”. This can be taken in the more obvious sense of “there is no such thing as a free lunch” – people need to work to provide for a living, but for the Christian voluntarists, it is taken as a command of a mutual obligation – those who do not try to work shall not get welfare. (Olasky 2008, p 9-10). Unsurprisingly, this is where ideas of “deserving” and “undeserving poor” come from worthy (Olasky 2008, p 11-12). This also forms what welfare should look like – Welfare has a purpose to help people make a living for themselves (Olasky 2008, p 25, 29). But specifically, in practice it also means that those who don’t want to work should be excluded from welfare (Olasky 2008, p 12, 29, 228). Christian voluntarist tracts argue further that welfare itself is corrupting in that it enables backwardness and degeneracy to exist, encouraging laziness and the breakdown of families (for example, Olasky 2008, p xi -xvii, 222).
Third, supporting this is the argument that Biblical notions of property are explicitly in favor of Liberal private property. This is the belief that the owner of property, can do whatever they want with their property. This starts with an appeal to Exodus 20:15,17 as examples of OT Justifications for private property. It points to the various points in the bible that recognize private ownership. To reference a few; Genesis 4:4, Micah 4:4, Acts 5:4. A very notable verse is Mathew 20:15; “Don’t I have the right to do what I want with my own money?” – taking this statement at face value would suggest Jesus is very much in favour of liberal private property rights. The whole conclusion of this that people have the right to do with their property what they want. The most immediate implication is the government cannot seize property - This is used against the threat of state socialism.
The Problems with this theology
Of course, we need to recognize that the Bible doesn’t tell Christians to take over the state and implement a welfare state. The fact is that the bible doesn’t prescribe a structure for economic justice in the broader national community. But similarly, this means the bible doesn’t prescribe the Church as being the welfare system of the broader national community. There is a legitimate question about how to pursuing economic justice in light of biblical commands and examples, and the description of the New Testament church (Acts 2:42-47, Acts 4:34-35) exists to show us what economic justice should look like in Christian communities specifically. However, it is a significant stretch to argue that this decentralised system of churches providing welfare is what the bible prescribes as the only legitimate national welfare system.
NT Christian communities were not set up to be a welfare system for the Roman state. They were examples of model Christian communities that we can look to guide us in holy living. They did exist as an alternate perception of economic justice to Old Testament Israel’s state-embedded system, certainly. However, this alternative state was for a few reasons; First Old Testament Israel was a sacrificial system, one that was no longer needed after Christ’s death and resurrection (Heb 10:1-18). Second, Old Testament Israel was a theocratic state, that would make a people for God who would be outwardly different from all around them (Deut 28:9-10). However, Christ did not come to establish a kingdom of this world (John 18:36), instead a people who would follow him due to their changed heart (John 18:36, John 3:5-8). The nullification of the theocratic state of Israel was not a rejection of the state’s interference in economic policy. Rather, it was a recognition that the theocratic state had fulfilled its soteriological and eschatological purpose.
With this context out of the way, we can refute the specific justifications of the voluntarists; The first, 2 Corinthians 9:7, which tells us that giving should be voluntary, not under compulsion, was in a specific letter given to a specific community responding to a crisis at the time. To transform it into a condemnation of state taxation for welfare is a substantial stretch. Paul made clear that it was also a test; he would not command this church to give charity but wanted to know the sincerity of their love, by comparing how much they gave compared to other churches (2 Corinthians 8:8-9).
He was not laying down a law about the state. Nothing in the passage suggests that the state cannot provide welfare. Nothing in the passage suggests that the state cannot demand taxation. Indeed, bible does not reject compulsion in terms of taxation as Christians are exhorted to pay their taxes (Mark 12:13-17; Rom 13:6-7). Contextually, the Christian Voluntarist must also grapple with the absence of a condemnation of the grain dole of Rome, both within this passage and within the broader New Testament. Now, one could argue that if the state gets involved in welfare then the sincerity of Christian love has failed – but that is a very different argument, an argument that needs to grapple with both the fallen nature of humanity, and the social implications of democracy. Nevertheless, the passage at hand does not refute state taxation or state provision of welfare.
Moving to the second justification – that, welfare should be tied to work. This specific passage, 2 Thessalonians 3:10, occurs within a context where there are believers who are “idle and disruptive” (v 6, 11) and who are “not busy; they are busybodies”. They are commanded to settle down and eat (v 12). To use this passage to encourage Christians to work is good. It is not the purpose of the passage to be used for a model of how a welfare state works. Unlike 2 Cor 9:7, which is deliberately misused by Christians to deny welfare to others – this passage can be used to form a welfare state system. Like Acts 4:32 for the Socialists, and 1 Corinthians 14:12-26 for the Corporatists, 2 Thessalonians 3:10 seems quite able to be derived to justify a political policy. However, to declare that 2 Thessalonians 3:10 necessitates a policy program on welfare is misguided – it was a teaching for a particular church at a particular time. The practical considerations of this particular section will get further treatment further on.
The final argument that the bible prescribes liberal private property. This argument has lies that it conceals in truths. Fundamentally, the bible does recognize property rights. It recognizes that we can own property and have liberty in using that property. However, the bible also recognizes two other things; First, that we are not the absolute owners of that property. God is the absolute owner of everything, not humanity (1 Cor 10:26; Psalm 24:1; Deut 10:14). The second is that any property we have, we steward for God; we are not allowed to use property for whatever purpose we deem fit. The OT system has a variety of restrictions on how we can use property, much of which existed for economic justice. There were prohibitions on taking interest (Leviticus 26:36-37); Gleaning laws that mean restricted the amount of produce farmers could get from their own harvest, requiring they leave some to the poor (Lev 19:9-10; Deut 24:19-21). Furthermore, there are the radical redistribution policies with the Sabbatical year and year of jubilee (Leviticus 25:1-7, 8-55). The commandment to not steal was situated within these verses about responsibilities, something noted by Both Catholics and Reformed Christians (See the Catholic Catechism, Westminster Larger Catechism and Heidelberg Catechism). The New Testament similar has a variety of commands about how to use property; (Luke 6:30, 1 John 3:17, 1 Tim 5:8, 6:17-18).
There is one verse that falls outside of the above explanation; Mathew 20:15 – “Don’t I have the right to do what I want with my own money?”. The context of the verse is that Jesus is teaching a parable. In the parable, the vineyard owner pays all his workers the same amount, no matter what they work. Parables have single purposes – the purpose of this parable is that it doesn’t matter however late you sign up to the gospel, you will still be saved. It is not a parable with prescriptions on wage payments. It is not a parable with prescriptions on private property.
Fundamentally, there is no biblical prescription against the state establishment of a welfare state. This, in itself, does not disqualify Christian voluntarism as an idea; rather it means that advocating Christian voluntarism requires making a different argument – that the Christian voluntarist form of welfare is the best form of welfare.
The Economics of a Christian Voluntarist welfare state
Gøsta Esping-Andersen’s seminal work “The Three Worlds of welfare Capitalism”, divides welfare states into three ideal types; “Liberal”, “Conservative” and “Social Democratic”. Of these, Christian Voluntarism is closest to the “Liberal” ideal type which is found in the US, Australia, New Zealand and Canada. A liberal welfare state is one that aims to encourage the pursuit of employment, and so the state will provide as little as possible (Esping-Andersen 1990, p. 42). Means testing and mutual obligation is often used to minimize the states ways to welfare provision. Those who cannot rely on government support must rely on charity (Esping-Andersen 1990, p. 26-27).
Christian Voluntarism is essentially a Christian defense for the “Liberal” welfare state. However it does far more, because in practice it would mean the undermining of the liberal welfare state. The Christian voluntarist would tear down the last vestiges of a state led system so that people instead rely on Charity. They would attempt to further liberalize an already liberal system. The practical implications of this are that even a state led system that incorporates the principles of the “deserving and undeserving” poor, alongside the mutual obligations of “those who don’t work don’t eat”, are too much for the Christian Voluntarist.
This system fails both quantitatively and qualitatively. It fails quantitatively because a welfare state based on charity cannot support the entire population. Welfare encompasses old age, unemployment, workplace injuries, permanent disabilities and more. The amount of money needed to organise such a welfare system is unachievable by charities (Green 2017). Reviews of “The Tragedy of American compassion” point out that the historical charitable system championed did not provide welfare for all – it was very geographically dependent (Hammack, 1996, p 261-262).
This system also fails qualitatively. One would think that a Christian voluntarist would see that charity and welfare are symptoms of economic greater problems, and addressing those greater problems would reduce the burdens on charity.[3] But Christian Voluntarists don’t address the issues which lead people to need charity. Unaffordable healthcare and involuntary unemployment are two clear examples of structural economic problems; the former due to the various oligopolies that exist throughout the healthcare system, which is unsurprising given it is a market with high start-up costs, and the latter often due a deficiency in demand. The solutions to these factors require substantial economic reform by means of regulation and government spending, which is antithetical to the Christian Voluntarist ideal. Christian voluntarists are not advocating for these solutions to reduce the burden on charities.
Two further addendums need to be added to this analysis. The first is that there are flaws with regards to the policy derivatives of 2 Thessalonians 3:10. The idea of an undeserving poor has lead to many problems – for example this group has historically included beggars and criminals (Schmalz 2017). The definition of who is undeserving will inevitably both include and exclude people who may need help. Olasky, for example, includes Alcoholics and Drug Addicts as part of his ‘undeserving poor’ (p. 227-228), when, in truth, these groups could quite easily be seen as the most needing of support – albeit in a more compressive form then mere cash handout. The principle of mutual obligations behind this need to be thought through. Interestingly enough, the gleaning system in the OT seems to be a system that follows this idea; welfare is there, but people have to work to get it. This principles behind this are also evident in a full employment policy in the modern era. However, today’s governments generally prefer of “mutual obligations” for welfare, or forms of workfare instead. In the context where workers outnumber jobs these programs essentially act as punitive “full employment policy”.
The second is the Christian voluntarist claim that any welfare system should be orientated towards public morality alongside economic justice. This is a fair claim, and frankly welfare systems must be cautiously constructed with consideration of economic justice, and also the moral fabric of society. Here the example of the ideal type of the Conservative welfare state (historically found in found in Germany, Belgium and Austria), can be drawn upon. This welfare state, for example, is constructed with the family in mind (Esping-Andersen 1990, p. 27). It also relies largely on decentralised system of welfare provision that incorporate religious providers (Esping-Andersen 1990, p. 27). Even with the focus on the moral fabric of society, other factors must also come into play; The conservative welfare state benefits married couples over singles; what does this mean for the economic situation of single mothers? Such a welfare system needs to counterbalance the social fabric of society with it’s economic needs.
To Conclude
Theologically, the claims of Christian Voluntarism do not stand up; there is not set biblical principle about the state’s involvement in welfare provision. Economically, the Christian Voluntarists fail to appreciate the quantitative size of charitable provision needed to match the welfare state, nor do they deal with the structural issues facing the economy.
Fundamentally, I am not a Christian Socialist. I do not believe that the descriptions of Christian communities in Acts can be described as socialist – I may write another piece like this later on. I’m not coming from a liberal, modernist or progressive Christian perspective. Rather I’m annoyed that Conservative Christians have accepted the claims of liberal economies and tried to make a more liberalized welfare system based on a misguided claim about following the Bible.
[1] The specific defense provided by Johnson is explicitly voluntarist, in that it draws on voluntarism as a philosophy. It is also Pelagian and so should be rejected; “Any Christian who does not openly and vehemently denounce all forms of government welfare, cannot, in truth, call himself a Christian, for government welfare is the antithesis of Christian charity.” - this is clearly heresy.
[2] Indeed, the term only seems to appear in online Christian Forums. However, Academics do describe this idea as voluntarist, and it is a Christian defense of Voluntarism, so terming the idea “Christian Voluntarism” is apt.
[3] This was the approach of the founder of the St Vincent De Paul society, Frederic Ozanam. He was an economics lecturer and argued that charity was insufficient to change the situation – what was needed was a change to the relationship between workers and capital (Moody 1953, p 129).
Bibliography
General:
Green, E., 2017. The Voluntarism Fantasy, Democracy A Journal of Ideas, viewed 22 October 2022, https://democracyjournal.org/magazine/32/the-voluntarism-fantasy/
Konczal, M., 2014. Can Religious Charities Take the Place of the Welfare State?, The Atlantic, viewed 22 October 2022, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/03/budget-religion/520605/
Schmalz, M., 2017. Taxing the rich to help the poor? Here’s what the Bible says, The conversation, viewed 3 June 3, 2023 https://theconversation.com/taxing-the-rich-to-help-the-poor-heres-what-the-bible-says-88627
Zeiger, H., 2014. The voluntarism fantasy?, Philanthropy Daily, viewed 22 October 2022, https://www.philanthropydaily.com/the-voluntarism-fantasy/
Christian Voluntarism & Compassionate Conservatism:
Olasky, M N, 2008, The Tragedy of American Compassion, Crossway Books, https://archive.org/details/tragedyofamerica0000olas/mode/2up - Olasky provides a specifically Christian Argument.
Johnson, T L, 1970 May 9, “Christian Charity vs Government Welfare”, Human Events,
Accessible: https://fee.org/articles/christian-charity-vs-government-welfare/, https://www.fff.org/explore-freedom/article/christian-charity-government-welfare/ - Johnson also provides a specifically Christian Argument.
Weed D, 1977, The Compassionate Touch, Carol Stream, https://archive.org/details/compassionatetou00wead/mode/2up - Weed provides a secular argument.
Argumentative Sources
Esping-Andersen, GJ, 1990, The Three Worlds of welfare Capitalism, Princeton University Press.
Hammack, DC, 1996, ‘The Tragedy of American Compassion’, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly.
Kuyper, A, 2021, On Business and Economics, Lexham Press.
Lee, F.N 1988, Biblical Private Property Versus Socialistic Common Property, EN Tech.J. 3, pp. 16-22, https://creation.com/images/pdfs/tj/j03_1/j03_1_016-022.pdf
Moody, J, 1953, Church and society : Catholic social and political thought and movements, Arts Inc
Christian Apologetics on Economics
Got Questions, 2022, What is Christian Socialism?, Got Questions, viewed 22 October 2022,
https://www.gotquestions.org/Christian-socialism.html
Groothuis D, 2021, CHRISTIANITY AND SOCIALISM: WHAT SHOULD A CHRISTIAN BELIEVE?, Focus on the Family, viewed 22 October 2022, https://www.focusonthefamily.com/church/christianity-and-socialism/
Jeremiah D, 2022, What does the Bible say About Socialism, DavidJeremiah.Blog, viewed 22 October 2022, https://davidjeremiah.blog/what-does-the-bible-say-about-socialism/#:~:text=While%20the%20Bible%20encourages%20generosity,according%20to%20His%20sovereign%20will.
Miller C, 2013a, 2 corinthians 8, communism as an economic system, A little Perspective, viewed 22 October 2022, https://www.alittleperspective.com/2-corinthians-8-communism-as-an-economic-system-2/
Miller C, 2013b, 2 2 corinthians 9, giving cheerfully (communism, part two), A little Perspective, viewed 22 October 2022, https://www.alittleperspective.com/2-corinthians-9-giving-cheerfully-communism-part-two/
Piper, J., 2015. How Should Christians Think About Socialism, Desiring God, viewed 22 October 2022, https://www.desiringgod.org/interviews/how-should-christians-think-about-socialism
Understanding 2012, 2nd Corinthians 8: Charity or Socialism? (Love or Compulsion?), Understanding, viewed 22 October 2022, https://cutpaste.typepad.com/understanding/2012/08/2nd-corinthians-8-charity-or-socialism-love-or-compulsion.html
Hughes G, 2018, Was Jesus a Socialist, When we Understand the Text, viewed 22 October 2022, https://wwutt.com/was-jesus-a-socialist/
TOW Project, 2011, Sharing the Wealth (2 Corinthians 8:13-15), viewed 22 October 2022, https://www.theologyofwork.org/new-testament/2-corinthians/sharing-the-wealth-2-corinthians-813-15

Braves @ D-backs - Fri, Jun 02

Game Status: Final - Score: 3-2 D-backs

Links & Info

• MLB Gameday
• Game Graphs
• Savant Gamefeed

	Braves Batters	AB	R	H	RBI	BB	K	LOB	AVG	OBP	SLG
1	Acuña Jr. - RF	4	0	1	0	0	2	0	.323	.403	.549
2	Olson - 1B	2	0	0	0	2	1	0	.231	.359	.528
3	Riley, A - 3B	4	0	1	0	0	1	1	.262	.331	.452
4	Murphy, S - C	4	0	1	0	0	2	1	.285	.395	.545
	1-Hilliard - PR	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.246	.307	.449
5	d'Arnaud - DH	4	0	0	0	0	1	1	.279	.300	.382
6	Rosario, E - LF	4	2	3	2	0	0	0	.251	.280	.449
7	Albies - 2B	3	0	0	0	1	1	2	.248	.294	.459
8	Arcia, Or - SS	4	0	1	0	0	0	3	.312	.368	.464
9	Harris II, M - CF	3	0	0	0	0	2	1	.170	.254	.259
	Totals	32	2	7	2	3	10	9

Braves
1-Ran for Murphy, S in the 9th.
BATTING: 2B: Riley, A (12, Kelly, M). HR: Rosario, E 2 (7, 2nd inning off Kelly, M, 0 on, 2 out, 7th inning off Kelly, M, 0 on, 1 out). TB: Acuña Jr.; Arcia, Or; Murphy, S; Riley, A 2; Rosario, E 9. RBI: Rosario, E 2 (20). 2-out RBI: Rosario, E. Runners left in scoring position, 2 out: Arcia, Or 2. Team RISP: 0-for-3. Team LOB: 6.
FIELDING: E: Murphy, S (3, catcher interference). DP: (Riley, A-Albies-Olson).

	D-backs Batters	AB	R	H	RBI	BB	K	LOB	AVG	OBP	SLG
1	Perdomo - 2B	4	1	2	0	0	0	1	.285	.380	.477
2	Marte, K - DH	4	0	0	0	0	2	1	.278	.336	.476
3	Carroll - CF	3	2	1	0	1	2	0	.288	.374	.513
4	Walker, C - 1B	3	0	1	1	0	0	2	.254	.316	.488
5	Gurriel Jr. - LF	3	0	1	2	0	1	2	.310	.357	.548
6	Rivera, E - 3B	3	0	0	0	0	1	2	.333	.358	.449
7	Moreno - C	3	0	0	0	0	1	0	.283	.316	.372
8	Ahmed - SS	2	0	1	0	1	1	0	.228	.268	.315
9	McCarthy - RF	3	0	0	0	0	2	2	.193	.268	.273
	Totals	28	3	6	3	2	10	10

D-backs
BATTING: 2B: Gurriel Jr. (16, Morton, C); Walker, C (12, Morton, C); Ahmed (5, Morton, C). TB: Ahmed 2; Carroll; Gurriel Jr. 2; Perdomo 2; Walker, C 2. RBI: Gurriel Jr. 2 (35); Walker, C (36). 2-out RBI: Gurriel Jr. 2; Walker, C. Runners left in scoring position, 2 out: Gurriel Jr.; Rivera, E; McCarthy. GIDP: Rivera, E. Team RISP: 1-for-5. Team LOB: 4.
FIELDING: Outfield assists: Gurriel Jr. (Olson at home).

Braves Pitchers	IP	H	R	ER	BB	K	HR	P-S	ERA
Morton, C (L, 5-6)	7.0	6	3	3	2	9	0	99-68	3.62
McHugh	1.0	0	0	0	0	1	0	7-6	3.38
Totals	8.0	6	3	3	2	10	0

D-backs Pitchers	IP	H	R	ER	BB	K	HR	P-S	ERA
Kelly, M (W, 7-3)	7.0	5	2	2	3	8	2	100-68	2.80
Adams (H, 3)	1.0	0	0	0	0	2	0	15-7	2.25
Castro (S, 6)	1.0	2	0	0	0	0	0	15-12	2.13
Totals	9.0	7	2	2	3	10	2

Game Info
Balk: Kelly, M.
Disengagement violations: Kelly, M.
Pitches-strikes: Morton, C 99-68; McHugh 7-6; Kelly, M 100-68; Adams 15-7; Castro 15-12.
Groundouts-flyouts: Morton, C 6-4; McHugh 1-1; Kelly, M 7-0; Adams 0-1; Castro 1-2.
Batters faced: Morton, C 28; McHugh 3; Kelly, M 27; Adams 3; Castro 5.
Umpires: HP: Tony Randazzo. 1B: Todd Tichenor. 2B: Brian Knight. 3B: Alex Tosi.
Weather: 93 degrees, Clear.
Wind: 2 mph, Calm.
First pitch: 6:40 PM.
T: 2:11.
Att: 27,469.
Venue: Chase Field.
June 2, 2023

Inning	Scoring Play	Score
Bottom 1	Lourdes Gurriel Jr. doubles (16) on a line drive to left fielder Eddie Rosario. Geraldo Perdomo scores. Corbin Carroll scores.	2-0 AZ
Top 2	Eddie Rosario homers (6) on a fly ball to right center field.	2-1 AZ
Bottom 3	Christian Walker doubles (12) on a sharp ground ball to left fielder Eddie Rosario. Corbin Carroll scores.	3-1 AZ
Top 7	Eddie Rosario homers (7) on a fly ball to left center field.	3-2 AZ

Team	Highlight
AZ	Bullpen availability for Arizona, June 2 vs Braves (00:00:07)
ATL	Bullpen availability for Atlanta, June 2 vs D-backs (00:00:07)
AZ	Fielding alignment for Arizona, June 2 vs Braves (00:00:11)
ATL	Fielding alignment for Atlanta, June 2 vs D-backs (00:00:11)
AZ	Starting lineups for Braves at D-backs - June 2, 2023 (00:00:09)
ATL	Charlie Morton's outing against the D-backs (00:00:20)
AZ	Lourdes Gurriel's two-run double (00:00:22)
ATL	Eddie Rosario's solo home run (6) (00:00:25)
ATL	Ronald Acuña Jr. out after review (00:00:29)
AZ	Corbin Carroll's nice diving grab (00:00:22)
AZ	Gurriel, Ahmed get Olson out (00:00:29)
AZ	Christian Walker's RBI double (00:00:29)
ATL	Eddie Rosario's solo homer (7) (00:00:30)
AZ	Merrill Kelly fans eight Braves (00:00:49)
ATL	Charlie Morton fans nine D-backs (00:00:43)
AZ	Miguel Castro earns sixth save (00:00:11)

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9		R	H	E	LOB
Braves	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0		2	7	1	6
D-backs	2	0	1	0	0	0	0	0			3	6	0	4

Decisions

• Winner: Merrill Kelly (7-3, 2.80)
• Loser: Charlie Morton (5-6, 3.62)
• Save: Miguel Castro (6, 2.13)

Division Scoreboard

OAK 0 @ MIA 4 - Final
PHI 7 @ WSH 8 - Final
TOR 3 @ NYM 0 - Final
Next Braves Game: Sat, Jun 03, 10:10 PM EDT @ D-backs
^{Last Updated: 06/02/2023 11:57:19 PM EDT}

Rockies @ Royals - Fri, Jun 02

Game Status: Final - Score: 7-2 Rockies

Links & Info

• MLB Gameday
• Game Graphs
• Savant Gamefeed

	Rockies Batters	AB	R	H	RBI	BB	K	LOB	AVG	OBP	SLG
1	Blackmon - DH	5	0	0	0	0	1	2	.277	.356	.447
2	Profar, J - LF	5	1	0	1	0	1	1	.232	.308	.379
3	McMahon - 3B	4	2	2	2	0	1	0	.260	.339	.490
4	Díaz, E - C	4	0	2	2	0	1	0	.318	.371	.489
5	Grichuk - RF	4	1	1	0	0	2	1	.347	.404	.480
6	Castro, H - 2B	4	1	1	0	0	1	3	.278	.292	.339
7	Jones, N - 1B	4	0	1	2	0	2	2	.308	.333	.538
8	Doyle, B - CF	3	1	1	0	1	2	2	.247	.293	.430
9	Tovar - SS	4	1	1	0	0	1	1	.241	.286	.398
	Totals	37	7	9	7	1	12	12

Rockies
BATTING: 2B: Tovar (16, Hernández, C); Díaz, E (12, Wittgren); Jones, N (3, Wittgren). HR: McMahon (9, 1st inning off Lyles, 0 on, 2 out). TB: Castro, H; Doyle, B; Díaz, E 3; Grichuk; Jones, N 2; McMahon 5; Tovar 2. RBI: Díaz, E 2 (29); Jones, N 2 (6); McMahon 2 (33); Profar, J (23). 2-out RBI: McMahon; Jones, N 2. Runners left in scoring position, 2 out: Doyle, B. Team RISP: 4-for-8. Team LOB: 4.
FIELDING: DP: (Tovar-Jones, N).

	Royals Batters	AB	R	H	RBI	BB	K	LOB	AVG	OBP	SLG
1	Pratto - 1B	3	0	1	0	1	1	0	.296	.402	.426
2	Witt Jr. - SS	4	0	1	0	0	1	2	.228	.265	.427
3	Pasquantino - DH	3	0	0	0	1	0	2	.263	.342	.465
4	Perez, S - C	4	0	0	0	0	0	2	.279	.315	.517
5	Melendez - RF	4	0	2	0	0	0	0	.212	.301	.365
6	Olivares - LF	3	1	1	1	0	0	1	.234	.297	.414
	Garcia, M - 3B	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	.262	.326	.357
7	Massey - 2B	3	0	0	0	0	1	1	.235	.290	.340
	Bradley Jr. - CF	1	0	0	0	0	1	3	.140	.196	.220
8	Lopez, N - 2B	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	.239	.357	.338
9	Waters - LF	3	1	1	1	0	1	0	.211	.211	.368
	Totals	31	2	6	2	3	5	11

Royals
BATTING: HR: Olivares (5, 2nd inning off Anderson, 0 on, 1 out); Waters (1, 3rd inning off Anderson, 0 on, 0 out). TB: Melendez 2; Olivares 4; Pratto; Waters 4; Witt Jr. RBI: Olivares (12); Waters (1). Runners left in scoring position, 2 out: Bradley Jr. 2. Team RISP: 0-for-1. Team LOB: 5.

Rockies Pitchers	IP	H	R	ER	BB	K	HR	P-S	ERA
Anderson	6.0	4	2	2	1	2	2	80-50	1.69
Suter (W, 4-0)	2.0	1	0	0	0	1	0	25-18	1.82
Bard, D	0.2	1	0	0	2	1	0	25-14	0.55
Lawrence (S, 1)	0.1	0	0	0	0	1	0	5-3	2.90
Totals	9.0	6	2	2	3	5	2

Royals Pitchers	IP	H	R	ER	BB	K	HR	P-S	ERA
Lyles	5.0	2	1	1	1	8	1	74-49	6.89
Clarke (H, 7)	1.0	0	0	0	0	1	0	18-10	3.04
Cuas (H, 2)	1.0	1	0	0	0	2	0	18-12	4.56
Hernández, C (L, 0-3)(BS, 2)	0.1	3	4	4	0	0	0	28-19	4.76
Wittgren	1.2	3	2	2	0	1	0	30-19	7.20
Totals	9.0	9	7	7	1	12	1

Game Info
Pitches-strikes: Anderson 80-50; Suter 25-18; Bard, D 25-14; Lawrence 5-3; Lyles 74-49; Clarke 18-10; Cuas 18-12; Hernández, C 28-19; Wittgren 30-19.
Groundouts-flyouts: Anderson 3-5; Suter 0-2; Bard, D 0-0; Lawrence 0-0; Lyles 0-3; Clarke 1-0; Cuas 0-1; Hernández, C 2-0; Wittgren 3-0.
Batters faced: Anderson 21; Suter 7; Bard, D 5; Lawrence 1; Lyles 18; Clarke 3; Cuas 4; Hernández, C 5; Wittgren 8.
Inherited runners-scored: Lawrence 3-0; Wittgren 2-2.
Umpires: HP: Mike Muchlinski. 1B: Sean Barber. 2B: Alan Porter. 3B: Jim Wolf.
Weather: 84 degrees, Partly Cloudy.
Wind: 6 mph, R To L.
First pitch: 7:10 PM.
T: 2:41.
Att: 23,482.
Venue: Kauffman Stadium.
June 2, 2023

Inning	Scoring Play	Score
Top 1	Ryan McMahon homers (9) on a fly ball to right field.	1-0 COL
Bottom 2	Edward Olivares homers (5) on a fly ball to left center field.	1-1
Bottom 3	Drew Waters homers (1) on a fly ball to left center field.	2-1 KC
Top 8	Royals challenged (tag play), call on the field was upheld: Jurickson Profar reaches on a fielder's choice, fielded by second baseman Nicky Lopez. Brenton Doyle scores. Ezequiel Tovar to 3rd.	2-2
Top 8	Ryan McMahon singles on a line drive to left fielder Drew Waters. Ezequiel Tovar scores. Jurickson Profar to 2nd.	3-2 COL
Top 8	Elias Diaz doubles (12) on a sharp line drive to center fielder Jackie Bradley Jr. Jurickson Profar scores. Ryan McMahon scores.	5-2 COL
Top 8	Nolan Jones doubles (3) on a ground ball to right fielder MJ Melendez, deflected by first baseman Nick Pratto. Randal Grichuk scores. Harold Castro scores.	7-2 COL

Team	Highlight
KC	Bullpen availability for Kansas City, June 2 vs Rockies (00:00:07)
COL	Bullpen availability for Colorado, June 2 vs Royals (00:00:07)
COL	Fielding alignment for Colorado, June 2 vs Royals (00:00:11)
KC	Starting lineups for Rockies at Royals - June 2, 2023 (00:00:09)
COL	Chase Anderson's outing against the Royals (00:00:26)
COL	Ryan McMahon's solo HR (9) (00:00:29)
COL	Ryan McMahon's diving stop (00:00:27)
KC	Edward Olivares' solo HR (5) (00:00:27)
KC	Drew Waters' solo HR (1) (00:00:29)
COL	Tovar's nice catch, strong throw (00:00:29)
KC	Patrick Mahomes plays softball (00:00:29)
COL	Brenton Doyle scores tying run (00:00:31)
KC	Nick Pratto's diving stop (00:00:11)
COL	McMahon's go-ahead knock (00:00:17)
COL	Elias Díaz's two-run double (00:00:28)
COL	Nolan Jones' two-run double (00:00:23)
COL	Nick Pratto's diving stop (00:00:29)
COL	Lawrence seals Rockies win (00:00:30)
COL	After review, Doyle is ruled safe (00:00:29)

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9		R	H	E	LOB
Rockies	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	6	0		7	9	0	4
Royals	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0		2	6	0	5

Decisions

• Winner: Brent Suter (4-0, 1.82)
• Loser: Carlos Hernandez (0-3, 4.76)
• Save: Justin Lawrence (1, 2.90)

Division Scoreboard

CLE 0 @ MIN 1 - Final
DET 0 @ CWS 3 - Final
Next Royals Game: Sat, Jun 03, 03:10 PM CDT vs. Rockies
^{Last Updated: 06/02/2023 10:39:51 PM CDT}

Tigers @ White Sox - Fri, Jun 02

Game Status: Final - Score: 3-0 White Sox

Links & Info

• MLB Gameday
• Game Graphs
• Savant Gamefeed

	Tigers Batters	AB	R	H	RBI	BB	K	LOB	AVG	OBP	SLG
1	McKinstry - RF	4	0	0	0	0	1	4	.279	.390	.419
2	Baddoo - CF	3	0	0	0	1	0	0	.256	.363	.384
3	Báez, J - SS	4	0	2	0	0	1	0	.230	.275	.324
4	Torkelson - 1B	3	0	1	0	1	1	2	.239	.322	.363
5	Maton, N - 3B	4	0	0	0	0	3	5	.162	.286	.310
6	Haase - C	4	0	1	0	0	1	2	.229	.291	.313
7	Cabrera, M - DH	2	0	1	0	1	0	0	.202	.283	.245
	1-Short - DH	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	.295	.380	.523
8	Ibáñez - 2B	4	0	1	0	0	1	2	.178	.204	.300
9	Marisnick - CF	2	0	0	0	0	1	2	.250	.250	.250
	a-Nevin - LF	2	0	0	0	0	0	2	.133	.229	.233
	Totals	33	0	6	0	3	9	19

Tigers
a-Popped out for Marisnick in the 7th. 1-Ran for Cabrera, M in the 7th.
BATTING: 2B: Haase (6, López, R). 3B: Báez, J (1, Clevinger). TB: Báez, J 4; Cabrera, M; Haase 2; Ibáñez; Torkelson. Runners left in scoring position, 2 out: McKinstry 2; Maton, N 2; Haase. Team RISP: 0-for-9. Team LOB: 9.
FIELDING: E: Torkelson (3, fielding); Marisnick (1, throw).

	White Sox Batters	AB	R	H	RBI	BB	K	LOB	AVG	OBP	SLG
1	Anderson, Ti - SS	4	1	2	1	0	1	0	.268	.306	.317
2	Benintendi - LF	4	0	1	1	0	0	1	.267	.324	.350
3	Robert Jr. - CF	3	0	0	0	1	3	2	.256	.311	.512
4	Jiménez, E - RF	4	0	1	1	0	1	1	.267	.328	.448
	Frazier - RF	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.261	.370	.348
5	Moncada - 3B	4	0	0	0	0	1	3	.255	.307	.396
6	Vaughn - 1B	3	0	1	0	1	0	2	.256	.336	.442
7	Grandal - C	2	0	0	0	1	0	1	.263	.335	.397
	1-Zavala - C	1	0	0	0	0	0	2	.153	.189	.235
8	Sheets - DH	2	0	0	0	0	1	1	.240	.309	.430
	a-Burger - DH	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	.268	.312	.598
9	Gonzalez - 2B	3	1	1	0	0	0	1	.216	.224	.432
	Totals	31	3	6	3	3	7	15

White Sox
a-Grounded into a forceout for Sheets in the 7th. 1-Ran for Grandal in the 7th.
BATTING: 2B: Anderson, Ti (8, Englert). TB: Anderson, Ti 3; Benintendi; Gonzalez; Jiménez, E; Vaughn. RBI: Anderson, Ti (10); Benintendi (14); Jiménez, E (21). 2-out RBI: Anderson, Ti. Runners left in scoring position, 2 out: Zavala; Benintendi; Vaughn. Team RISP: 2-for-7. Team LOB: 7.

Tigers Pitchers	IP	H	R	ER	BB	K	HR	P-S	ERA
Olson (L, 0-1)	5.0	2	2	2	1	6	0	89-58	3.60
Vest	1.0	2	0	0	0	1	0	13-10	2.70
Shreve	0.2	0	1	1	1	0	0	13-6	5.23
Englert	1.1	2	0	0	1	0	0	21-13	4.64
Totals	8.0	6	3	3	3	7	0

White Sox Pitchers	IP	H	R	ER	BB	K	HR	P-S	ERA
Clevinger	5.0	3	0	0	1	6	0	73-53	4.13
Middleton (W, 1-0)	1.0	1	0	0	0	0	0	9-7	1.37
López, R (H, 6)	1.0	1	0	0	1	0	0	18-11	5.40
Kelly, J (H, 6)	1.0	1	0	0	1	2	0	24-14	4.32
Graveman (S, 5)	1.0	0	0	0	0	1	0	15-10	2.66
Totals	9.0	6	0	0	3	9	0

Game Info
Pitch timer violations: Clevinger (pitcher).
Pitches-strikes: Olson 89-58; Vest 13-10; Shreve 13-6; Englert 21-13; Clevinger 73-53; Middleton 9-7; López, R 18-11; Kelly, J 24-14; Graveman 15-10.
Groundouts-flyouts: Olson 5-3; Vest 1-1; Shreve 1-1; Englert 0-3; Clevinger 4-4; Middleton 3-0; López, R 2-0; Kelly, J 1-0; Graveman 0-1.
Batters faced: Olson 19; Vest 5; Shreve 3; Englert 7; Clevinger 19; Middleton 4; López, R 5; Kelly, J 5; Graveman 3.
Inherited runners-scored: Vest 2-2; Englert 1-1.
Umpires: HP: Jansen Visconti. 1B: Cory Blaser. 2B: Ron Kulpa. 3B: Carlos Torres.
Weather: 76 degrees, Clear.
Wind: 10 mph, L To R.
First pitch: 7:10 PM.
T: 2:32.
Att: 20,229.
Venue: Guaranteed Rate Field.
June 2, 2023

Inning	Scoring Play	Score
Bottom 6	Andrew Benintendi singles on a ground ball to left fielder Akil Baddoo. Romy Gonzalez scores. Tim Anderson to 2nd.	1-0 CWS
Bottom 6	Eloy Jimenez singles on a line drive to center fielder Jake Marisnick. Tim Anderson scores. Andrew Benintendi to 3rd. Eloy Jimenez to 2nd. Eloy Jimenez advances to 2nd, on a throwing error by center fielder Jake Marisnick.	2-0 CWS
Bottom 7	Tim Anderson doubles (8) on a ground ball to left fielder Tyler Nevin. Jake Burger scores.	3-0 CWS

Team	Highlight
DET	Bullpen availability for Detroit, June 2 vs White Sox (00:00:07)
CWS	Bullpen availability for Chicago, June 2 vs Tigers (00:00:07)
CWS	Fielding alignment for Chicago, June 2 vs Tigers (00:00:11)
DET	Breaking down Reese Olson's pitches (00:00:08)
DET	Reese Olson's first MLB strikeout (00:00:08)
DET	Nick Maton's slick catch (00:00:24)
DET	After review, Marisnick safe (00:00:38)
	Romy Gonzalez's sliding play (00:00:10)
CWS	Benintendi's RBI single (00:00:18)
CWS	Eloy Jiménez's RBI single (00:00:26)
DET	Will Vest In play, out(s) to Andrew Vaughn (00:00:11)
CWS	Gonzalez breaks up the no-hitter (00:00:19)
CWS	Tim Anderson's RBI double (00:00:25)
DET	Reese Olson's MLB debut (00:00:38)
CWS	Kendall Graveman earns the save (00:00:10)
CWS	Mike Clevinger K's six (00:00:36)

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9		R	H	E	LOB
Tigers	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0		0	6	2	9
White Sox	0	0	0	0	0	2	1	0			3	6	0	7

Decisions

• Winner: Keynan Middleton (1-0, 1.37)
• Loser: Reese Olson (0-1, 3.60)
• Save: Kendall Graveman (5, 2.66)

Division Scoreboard

COL 7 @ KC 2 - Final
CLE 0 @ MIN 1 - Final
Next Tigers Game: Sat, Jun 03, 02:10 PM EDT @ White Sox
^{Last Updated: 06/02/2023 11:14:42 PM EDT}

Introduction:

With all the hype around AI and NVDA, this could be a strong catalyst for launching GOOG into its intrinsic value. Most of the climb had already taken place over the weeks. But, given that currently AI is the flavor of the month I'd be a little worried about adding more positions into GOOG. As a disclaimer, I have positions on GOOG since last year that I've been closing out and cashing in on my gains. I've linked my DCF, Revenue model and Cost model all at the bottom.
​

REVENUE:

Cloud
%Rev, Cloud is an area gaining massive traction due to how much convenience it adds, And the switching cost of cloud is massive, having to port over the entire database into competitors and retraining employees, so the loyalty of Cloud customers are strong.
So, I’d argue that Cloud starts becoming a big part of GOOG’s identity.
Y/Y, Cloud grows at CAGR of 19% according to (SOURCE). I believe GOOG to be capable of capturing most of that 19%. But, 19% may be overly optimistic as it requires for the next 8 years about 40+% Y/Y which seems unrealistic to me, given how cloud is already such a large part of GOOG. So I used a Y/Y CAGR of 13.32%
Advertising
%Rev, Advertising is still going to be a big part of GOOG’s identity, however with cloud gaining traction Advertising's role may be diminished.
Y/Y, Advertising will see its Y/Y tapering off rather than taking off. I’d argue that the growth of AI related technology like ChatGPT may render GOOG’s search less effective given how ChatGPT seems to be an enhanced Google Search. Luckily, GOOG's has its own contender of ChatGPT, Bard. Bard is trained on Audio data whereas ChatGPT is trained on text data, so the effectiveness of these AI is dependent on how the user inputs data for the AI to process. Ultimately, which AI will take off is dependent on which modal of communication consumers prefer.
Recently, GOOG has announced its plans to launch Duet AI, AI to help augment the experience on both cloud and Search. It’s definitely a step forward in the right direction, Duet AI could be complementary to Google’s already dominant search as not every search will likely be using AI due to how long that would take.
Others
%Rev, With so many components in Others, there may be less focus placed on this segment of the business so it’ll take a smaller pie of GOOG’s revenue.
Y/Y, I opted to use historical average as granularity seems to be inaccurate here.
COST:
TAC
Given the competitiveness of Competing technology against GOOG’s main Traffic generator, I’d argue that it could be significantly costlier to acquire traffic overtime. Recently I've been reading Homo Deus which made a fair point about Dataism. As our data interpreter (AI) gets more and more accurate, you'd be at a disadvantage to not use AI in your day to day life. So if we have this paradigm shift of trusting and relying on AI, TAC has a huge potential of decreasing. But, given how little regulation and promising technology on AI there has been so far this may be either too far out into the future or just impossible entirely.
COST OF REVENUES
GOOG has lumped Content Review, Content Acquisition and Data Centre together in COST OF REVENUES.

1. Content Review: Needing Employees to manually sieve through content for compliance. As the service gets more popular, more content means needing more employees. (Variable Cost) BUT I'd argue that it could be a negligible one overtime as AI gains dominance and can track content in place of humans. (Fixed Cost)
   
2. Content Acquisition: GOOG has stated it uses a cost price model for determining the amount of content acquired. (Variable Cost)
   
3. Data Centre: Fixed infrastructure in place, but more of Data center used means GOOG needs higher bandwidth which means higher cost (Variable Cost)
   

Since these are variable costs, I’d argue the extent that GOOG can reduce these costs to improve margins are limited.
R&D
R&D the cornerstone of GOOG’s business philosophy will always retain a fixed % of revenue. As evident from historic data where the spread of R&D with respect to Revenue was rather small.
So, R&D maintains a fixed % with respect to revenue. But eventually when GOOG matures, I’d argue that R&D tends downwards.
Sales & Marketing + G&A
Sales & Marketing + G&A also followed the same historic patterns of R&D where they always occupied the same % with respect to revenue with a small spread.
So, Sales & Marketing + G&A occupies a fixed % with respect to revenue. But eventually when GOOG matures and develops a strong branding relies less on marketing so it tends downwards a little.
COST OF CAPITAL:
WACC calculation a little too messy to input here so I'll link it WACC: (SOURCE)

CONCLUSION:

GOOG is priced at $146.02, GOOG’s recent innovations have been made only in response to competitors. It’s more reactive rather than proactive which may be a bad thing given how strongly ChatGPT has since established its dominance over GOOG. For GOOG to improve its valuation it needs to peer deeper into the AI realm and look towards augmenting AI to compliment its advertising segment e.g. Using AI to help advertisers or to manage Ad Inventory.
DCF: (SOURCE) REVENUE MODEL: (SOURCE) COST MODEL: (SOURCE)

Phillies @ Nationals - Fri, Jun 02

Game Status: Final - Score: 8-7 Nationals

Links & Info

• MLB Gameday
• Game Graphs
• Savant Gamefeed

	Phillies Batters	AB	R	H	RBI	BB	K	LOB	AVG	OBP	SLG
1	Schwarber - LF	5	1	2	0	0	1	1	.166	.314	.392
2	Stott - 2B	4	2	2	0	1	0	1	.288	.325	.397
3	Harper - DH	4	0	0	0	1	2	3	.292	.395	.448
4	Castellanos, N - RF	5	2	4	5	0	0	2	.311	.354	.500
	2-Guthrie - PR	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.118	.211	.176
5	Turner - SS	5	1	1	0	0	2	5	.235	.278	.370
6	Realmuto - C	5	0	0	0	0	0	4	.249	.298	.409
7	Marsh - CF	3	1	2	1	1	0	0	.282	.381	.479
8	Clemens - 1B	4	0	0	0	0	2	3	.244	.306	.436
9	Ellis - 3B	3	0	1	0	1	1	0	.250	.400	.250
	1-Sosa, E - 3B	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.254	.276	.410
	Totals	38	7	12	6	4	8	19

Phillies
1-Ran for Ellis in the 8th. 2-Ran for Castellanos, N in the 9th.
BATTING: 2B: Turner (13, Gray, Js); Schwarber (6, Edwards Jr.); Castellanos, N (19, Finnegan). HR: Castellanos, N 2 (7, 4th inning off Gray, Js, 0 on, 0 out, 6th inning off Gray, Js, 1 on, 1 out). TB: Castellanos, N 11; Ellis; Marsh 2; Schwarber 3; Stott 2; Turner 2. RBI: Castellanos, N 5 (34); Marsh (23). 2-out RBI: Marsh. Runners left in scoring position, 2 out: Turner; Realmuto 3. Team RISP: 3-for-12. Team LOB: 8.

	Nationals Batters	AB	R	H	RBI	BB	K	LOB	AVG	OBP	SLG
1	Thomas, L - RF	4	1	1	1	1	0	2	.283	.342	.452
2	García, L - 2B	5	2	2	1	0	1	2	.273	.313	.399
3	Candelario - 3B	4	2	2	3	0	1	0	.269	.339	.471
4	Meneses - DH	3	0	2	1	1	0	0	.305	.346	.394
5	Dickerson - LF	3	0	1	1	0	0	1	.275	.333	.500
	1-Garrett, S - LF	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.263	.320	.347
6	Smith, Do - 1B	4	0	0	0	0	2	3	.264	.346	.303
7	Ruiz, K - C	4	0	0	0	0	1	0	.232	.303	.387
8	Abrams - SS	4	1	1	0	0	1	0	.236	.287	.407
9	Call - CF	3	2	2	1	1	0	0	.214	.313	.310
	Totals	34	8	11	8	3	6	8

Nationals
1-Ran for Dickerson in the 7th.
BATTING: 2B: Candelario 2 (17, Wheeler, Wheeler); Abrams (9, Wheeler). HR: García, L (5, 4th inning off Wheeler, 0 on, 2 out). TB: Abrams 2; Call 2; Candelario 4; Dickerson; García, L 5; Meneses 2; Thomas, L. RBI: Call (20); Candelario 3 (28); Dickerson (9); García, L (25); Meneses (30); Thomas, L (27). 2-out RBI: Meneses; García, L; Thomas, L; Candelario 2. Runners left in scoring position, 2 out: Smith, Do 2. SF: Dickerson. Team RISP: 5-for-6. Team LOB: 6.
FIELDING: E: Abrams (11, throw). Pickoffs: Ruiz, K (Ellis at 1st base).

Phillies Pitchers	IP	H	R	ER	BB	K	HR	P-S	ERA
Wheeler	3.2	8	7	7	1	3	1	90-58	4.33
Vasquez	1.1	0	0	0	0	2	0	22-14	1.35
Marte, Y	1.0	1	0	0	0	0	0	14-9	7.94
Hoffman	1.0	1	0	0	1	0	0	23-14	0.84
Brogdon (L, 2-1)	1.0	1	1	1	1	1	0	19-10	3.54
Totals	8.0	11	8	8	3	6	1

Nationals Pitchers	IP	H	R	ER	BB	K	HR	P-S	ERA
Gray, Js	5.1	6	4	4	2	4	2	94-58	3.09
Edwards Jr.	1.0	3	2	2	0	2	0	20-14	3.28
Harvey, H (H, 11)	0.2	1	0	0	1	1	0	16-9	3.33
Thompson, M (H, 2)	0.1	1	1	0	1	0	0	11-7	4.08
Finnegan (W, 3-2)(BS, 4)	1.2	1	0	0	0	1	0	34-20	4.56
Totals	9.0	12	7	6	4	8	2

Game Info
WP: Hoffman.
Pitches-strikes: Wheeler 90-58; Vasquez 22-14; Marte, Y 14-9; Hoffman 23-14; Brogdon 19-10; Gray, Js 94-58; Edwards Jr. 20-14; Harvey, H 16-9; Thompson, M 11-7; Finnegan 34-20.
Groundouts-flyouts: Wheeler 2-4; Vasquez 2-0; Marte, Y 2-0; Hoffman 2-1; Brogdon 2-0; Gray, Js 4-4; Edwards Jr. 1-0; Harvey, H 1-0; Thompson, M 0-1; Finnegan 1-1.
Batters faced: Wheeler 20; Vasquez 4; Marte, Y 4; Hoffman 5; Brogdon 5; Gray, Js 23; Edwards Jr. 6; Harvey, H 4; Thompson, M 3; Finnegan 6.
Inherited runners-scored: Edwards Jr. 1-1; Harvey, H 2-2; Finnegan 2-1.
Umpires: HP: Chris Segal. 1B: Ben May. 2B: Brian Walsh. 3B: CB Bucknor.
Weather: 90 degrees, Partly Cloudy.
Wind: 7 mph, In From RF.
First pitch: 7:06 PM.
T: 3:18.
Att: 29,827.
Venue: Nationals Park.
June 2, 2023

Inning	Scoring Play	Score
Bottom 1	Jeimer Candelario doubles (16) on a fly ball to left fielder Kyle Schwarber. Lane Thomas scores.	1-0 WSH
Bottom 1	Corey Dickerson out on a sacrifice fly to center fielder Brandon Marsh. Jeimer Candelario scores.	2-0 WSH
Bottom 2	Alex Call singles on a ground ball to right fielder Nick Castellanos. CJ Abrams scores.	3-0 WSH
Bottom 2	Jeimer Candelario doubles (17) on a sharp fly ball to right fielder Nick Castellanos. Alex Call scores. Luis Garcia scores.	5-0 WSH
Bottom 2	Joey Meneses singles on a line drive to left fielder Kyle Schwarber. Jeimer Candelario scores.	6-0 WSH
Top 4	Nick Castellanos homers (6) on a fly ball to right center field.	6-1 WSH
Bottom 4	Luis Garcia homers (5) on a fly ball to left field.	7-1 WSH
Top 6	Nick Castellanos homers (7) on a fly ball to center field. Bryson Stott scores.	7-3 WSH
Top 6	Brandon Marsh singles on a ground ball to left fielder Corey Dickerson. Trea Turner scores.	7-4 WSH
Top 7	Nick Castellanos singles on a ground ball to center fielder Alex Call. Kyle Schwarber scores. Bryson Stott scores. Bryce Harper to 3rd.	7-6 WSH
Top 8	Kyle Schwarber grounds into a force out, fielded by shortstop CJ Abrams. Brandon Marsh scores. Edmundo Sosa out at 2nd. Kyle Schwarber to 1st. Throwing error by shortstop CJ Abrams.	7-7
Bottom 8	Lane Thomas singles on a fly ball to center fielder Brandon Marsh. Alex Call scores.	8-7 WSH

Team	Highlight
WSH	Bullpen availability for Washington, June 2 vs Phillies (00:00:07)
PHI	Bullpen availability for Philadelphia, June 2 vs Nationals (00:00:07)
WSH	Starting lineups for Phillies at Nationals - June 2, 2023 (00:00:09)
PHI	Analyzing Nick Castellanos's home run through bat tracking (00:00:09)
WSH	Jeimer Candelario's RBI double (00:00:27)
WSH	Corey Dickerson's sacrifice fly (00:00:20)
WSH	Alex Call's RBI single (00:00:22)
WSH	Jeimer Candelario's two-run double (00:00:34)
WSH	Joey Meneses' RBI single (00:00:17)
PHI	Nick Castellanos' solo homer (6) (00:00:29)
WSH	Luis García's solo home run (5) (00:00:29)
PHI	Zack Wheeler fans CJ Abrams (00:00:07)
PHI	Castellanos' second home run (7) (00:00:29)
PHI	Brandon Marsh's RBI single (00:00:17)
PHI	Nick Castellanos' two-run single (00:00:30)
PHI	Nick Castellanos' five-RBI game (00:01:29)
PHI	Phillies tie game on error (00:00:53)
WSH	Lane Thomas' RBI single (00:00:30)
WSH	Nationals secure 8-7 victory (00:00:13)
WSH	Alex Call steals second (00:00:25)
WSH	Martinez on Nationals' 8-7 win (00:01:05)
WSH	Upon review, Alex Call ruled safe (00:00:49)
WSH	Josiah Gray's four strikeouts (00:01:32)

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9		R	H	E	LOB
Phillies	0	0	0	1	0	3	2	1	0		7	12	0	8
Nationals	2	4	0	1	0	0	0	1			8	11	1	6

Decisions

• Winner: Kyle Finnegan (3-2, 4.56)
• Loser: Connor Brogdon (2-1, 3.54)

Division Scoreboard

OAK 0 @ MIA 4 - Final
TOR 3 @ NYM 0 - Final
ATL 2 @ AZ 3 - Final
Next Phillies Game: Sat, Jun 03, 04:05 PM EDT @ Nationals
^{Last Updated: 06/03/2023 12:07:17 AM EDT}

Braves @ D-backs - Fri, Jun 02

Game Status: Game Over - Score: 3-2 D-backs

Links & Info

• Current conditions at Chase Field: 93°F - Clear - Wind 2 mph, Calm
• TV: Braves: Bally Sports Southeast, D-backs: Bally Sports Arizona Extra (Sp) (es), Bally Sports Arizona
• Radio: Braves: 680 AM/93.7 FM The Fan, D-backs: KQMR Latino Mix 100.3 FM (es), 98.7 FM Arizona's Sports Station
• MLB Gameday
• Game Graphs
• Savant Gamefeed

	Braves Batters	AB	R	H	RBI	BB	K	LOB	AVG	OBP	SLG
1	Acuña Jr. - RF	4	0	1	0	0	2	0	.323	.403	.549
2	Olson - 1B	2	0	0	0	2	1	0	.231	.359	.528
3	Riley, A - 3B	4	0	1	0	0	1	1	.262	.331	.452
4	Murphy, S - C	4	0	1	0	0	2	1	.285	.395	.545
	1-Hilliard - PR	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	.246	.307	.449
5	d'Arnaud - DH	4	0	0	0	0	1	1	.279	.300	.382
6	Rosario, E - LF	4	2	3	2	0	0	0	.251	.280	.449
7	Albies - 2B	3	0	0	0	1	1	2	.248	.294	.459
8	Arcia, Or - SS	4	0	1	0	0	0	3	.312	.368	.464
9	Harris II, M - CF	3	0	0	0	0	2	1	.170	.254	.259
	Totals	32	2	7	2	3	10	9

Braves
1-Ran for Murphy, S in the 9th.
BATTING: 2B: Riley, A (12, Kelly, M). HR: Rosario, E 2 (7, 2nd inning off Kelly, M, 0 on, 2 out, 7th inning off Kelly, M, 0 on, 1 out). TB: Acuña Jr.; Arcia, Or; Murphy, S; Riley, A 2; Rosario, E 9. RBI: Rosario, E 2 (20). 2-out RBI: Rosario, E. Runners left in scoring position, 2 out: Arcia, Or 2. Team RISP: 0-for-3. Team LOB: 6.
FIELDING: E: Murphy, S (3, catcher interference). DP: (Riley, A-Albies-Olson).

	D-backs Batters	AB	R	H	RBI	BB	K	LOB	AVG	OBP	SLG
1	Perdomo - 2B	4	1	2	0	0	0	1	.285	.380	.477
2	Marte, K - DH	4	0	0	0	0	2	1	.278	.336	.476
3	Carroll - CF	3	2	1	0	1	2	0	.288	.374	.513
4	Walker, C - 1B	3	0	1	1	0	0	2	.254	.316	.488
5	Gurriel Jr. - LF	3	0	1	2	0	1	2	.310	.357	.548
6	Rivera, E - 3B	3	0	0	0	0	1	2	.333	.358	.449
7	Moreno - C	3	0	0	0	0	1	0	.283	.316	.372
8	Ahmed - SS	2	0	1	0	1	1	0	.228	.268	.315
9	McCarthy - RF	3	0	0	0	0	2	2	.193	.268	.273
	Totals	28	3	6	3	2	10	10

D-backs
BATTING: 2B: Gurriel Jr. (16, Morton, C); Walker, C (12, Morton, C); Ahmed (5, Morton, C). TB: Ahmed 2; Carroll; Gurriel Jr. 2; Perdomo 2; Walker, C 2. RBI: Gurriel Jr. 2 (35); Walker, C (36). 2-out RBI: Gurriel Jr. 2; Walker, C. Runners left in scoring position, 2 out: Gurriel Jr.; Rivera, E; McCarthy. GIDP: Rivera, E. Team RISP: 1-for-5. Team LOB: 4.
FIELDING: Outfield assists: Gurriel Jr. (Olson at home).

Braves Pitchers	IP	H	R	ER	BB	K	HR	P-S	ERA
Morton, C (L, 5-6)	7.0	6	3	3	2	9	0	99-68	3.62
McHugh	1.0	0	0	0	0	1	0	7-6	3.38
Totals	8.0	6	3	3	2	10	0

D-backs Pitchers	IP	H	R	ER	BB	K	HR	P-S	ERA
Kelly, M (W, 7-3)	7.0	5	2	2	3	8	2	100-68	2.80
Adams (H, 3)	1.0	0	0	0	0	2	0	15-7	2.25
Castro (S, 6)	1.0	2	0	0	0	0	0	15-12	2.13
Totals	9.0	7	2	2	3	10	2

Game Info
Balk: Kelly, M.
Disengagement violations: Kelly, M.
Pitches-strikes: Morton, C 99-68; McHugh 7-6; Kelly, M 100-68; Adams 15-7; Castro 15-12.
Groundouts-flyouts: Morton, C 6-4; McHugh 1-1; Kelly, M 7-0; Adams 0-1; Castro 1-2.
Batters faced: Morton, C 28; McHugh 3; Kelly, M 27; Adams 3; Castro 5.
Umpires: HP: Tony Randazzo. 1B: Todd Tichenor. 2B: Brian Knight. 3B: Alex Tosi.
Weather: 93 degrees, Clear.
Wind: 2 mph, Calm.
First pitch: 6:40 PM.
T: 2:11.
Att: 27,469.
Venue: Chase Field.
June 2, 2023

Inning	Scoring Play	Score
Bottom 1	Lourdes Gurriel Jr. doubles (16) on a line drive to left fielder Eddie Rosario. Geraldo Perdomo scores. Corbin Carroll scores.	2-0 AZ
Top 2	Eddie Rosario homers (6) on a fly ball to right center field.	2-1 AZ
Bottom 3	Christian Walker doubles (12) on a sharp ground ball to left fielder Eddie Rosario. Corbin Carroll scores.	3-1 AZ
Top 7	Eddie Rosario homers (7) on a fly ball to left center field.	3-2 AZ

Team	Highlight
AZ	Bullpen availability for Arizona, June 2 vs Braves (00:00:07)
ATL	Bullpen availability for Atlanta, June 2 vs D-backs (00:00:07)
AZ	Fielding alignment for Arizona, June 2 vs Braves (00:00:11)
ATL	Fielding alignment for Atlanta, June 2 vs D-backs (00:00:11)
AZ	Starting lineups for Braves at D-backs - June 2, 2023 (00:00:09)
ATL	Charlie Morton's outing against the D-backs (00:00:20)
AZ	Lourdes Gurriel's two-run double (00:00:22)
ATL	Eddie Rosario's solo home run (6) (00:00:25)
ATL	Ronald Acuña Jr. out after review (00:00:29)
AZ	Corbin Carroll's nice diving grab (00:00:22)
AZ	Gurriel, Ahmed get Olson out (00:00:29)
AZ	Christian Walker's RBI double (00:00:29)
ATL	Eddie Rosario's solo homer (7) (00:00:30)
AZ	Merrill Kelly fans eight Braves (00:00:49)

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9		R	H	E	LOB
Braves	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0		2	7	1	6
D-backs	2	0	1	0	0	0	0	0			3	6	0	4

Decisions

• Winner: Merrill Kelly (7-3, 2.80)
• Loser: Charlie Morton (5-6, 3.62)
• Save: Miguel Castro (6, 2.13)

Division Scoreboard

OAK 0 @ MIA 4 - Final
PHI 7 @ WSH 8 - Final
TOR 3 @ NYM 0 - Final
^{Last Updated: 06/02/2023 11:51:39 PM EDT}

When have they not created controversy?
The language debate has been going on for centuries, and yet, it still manages to garner a lot of attention even today. Whether the attention is positive (rarely) or negative (mostly), it’s there, and I think we need to slow down a little and look at everything we’ve got before giving an opinion.
Many of the complaints are about the fact that anglophones are being refused certain rights or are outright being discriminated against when it comes to receiving provincial services in Quebec. I can’t speak about individuals (because we all know there are some assholes out there, no matter who we’re speaking about), but I can explain the law. And that’s what this post is going to be about.
This series of posts will contain:
- An explanation of the language law (Bill 101 and its recent update, Bill 96), as well as what it means for anglophones, allophones and francophones. (this post)
- An explanation of the OQLF (Office Quebecois de la langue française) as well as what it can do and cannot do. (this post)
- A review of the different language laws of the past (ever wondered what Law 17 was about? Or about what happened in Manitoba during its creation, and after? And what about those laws that Prince Edward Island passed, but of which we don’t have any physical evidence?)
- A little look at Quebec’s position in the past (not a history lesson of course, but I think it can help people understand the province’s position today)
- A link to the different resources I used, if you’d like to read them yourself (a warning however: many will be in French. You can always use Google translate, but please be aware that it may not convey the original meaning)
Moreover, a disclaimer: I am NOT a lawyer or a political analyst, or anything; I’m merely a random person who decided to do some research. I do think my research is accurate, although it is most likely not complete and superficial. I wish I could dig deeper and give you all an amazing analysis, but that’s simply impossible with my current skills. However, I do hope you learn more from this, just like I did, and that it pushes you to investigate further! Don’t hesitate to comment and ask questions, though I can’t guarantee I’ll be able to answer them all.
I’d like to add that this text is greatly influenced by Wikipédia, so I won’t claim to be the only author of it. However, any translations are my own. In relations to that, please forgive any mistakes that may appear in this text; English isn’t my first language, and though I do claim to be bilingual and to have a general great understanding of the language, I do sometimes forget certain terms, unfortunately.
With that said, let’s jump in!

The controversial Bill 101 and the even-more controversial Bill 96

The first ‘ancestor’ of Bill 101 is Bill 63 which was passed at the of the 1960s in an attempt to solve a conflict opposing French Canadians and Italian immigrants in St-Leonard, or at least, that’s where it started; the conflict then became a provincial-wide issue, and the government was pressured to react to it. While it was supposed to promote the use French, it mostly let allophones have access to English schools, which, considering the time…they took advantage of. Can’t blame them, but it did kind of ruin the purpose of the law.
In the 1970s, the Union nationale (who had passed the law) lost to the Liberals of Robert Bourassa, who then decided to attempt to create a new law in 1974: Bill 22 (again, ‘ancestor’ of Bill 101). They somehow managed to make everyone angry. People who supported the use of only French were mad that English could still be used at work without any limits, and people who supported the right to choose were mad that children needed to pass an English knowledge test before being able to be admitted in an English school. It did, however, make French the official language in the province. But the Liberals were hit hard and lost the elections in 1976.
The winners of the election of 1976 were the Parti Quebecois, the creators of Bill 101. The law is passed in 1977, and while a majority of francophones are happy (an approval rate of 80,6%), anglophones are not. That’s because, by making French the reference language in Quebec, English loses its status of sometimes-dominating language in some neighborhoods, and messes with the linguistic balance (mostly in Montreal). Thus, we have the exodus of anglophones; around 83 000 anglophones choose to leave the province during the mandate of the Parti Quebecois. Many left due to fear and frustration, although it’s worth noting that that’s the sort of speech many anglophone newspapers used at the time.
But was the law really that bad? Did it justify so many people being scared and leaving? Well, we have to look a bit more at Bill 101 to understand. Let’s look at it title by title:
Title 1: Has 9 chapters that say that French is the official language of legislation, justice, administration, parapublic organisms, work, trade & affairs and finally, teaching.
Title 2: Defines 5 fundamentals rights that all Quebecers have, namely.
- Everyone has a right to receive communication in French from all governmental branches, professional orders, employees associations and enterprises established in Québec.
- Everyone has a right to speak in French during deliberative assemblies.
- Everyone has a right to work in French.
- Everyone has a right to be served in French and to be informed in French.
- Everyone admissible to studying in Quebec has a right to receive their education in French.
Title 3: About the linguistic officialization, toponomy and francization of civil administration and enterprises
Title 4: It establishes the Conseil supérieur de la langue française.
Title 5 & 6: Defines the provisions and penal sanctions, as well as various transitional provisions.
Now that we’ve established the different titles, let’s take a look at the different provisions:
Langue de la législation et de la justice (Language of legislation and justice) :
Bills and regulations within the National Assembly, the tribunals and the Quebecois judicial system need to be printed, adopted, and sanctioned in BOTH FRENCH AND ENGLISH. Both versions have the same judicial value. State regulations need to be in both languages, but those from municipalities and school service centers don’t necessarily have to be.
Moreover, in a judicial context, it is a person’s right to express themselves in either French or English, orally or on paper.
Langue de l’administration (Language of the administration):
The government, the ministries and other organisms of public administration need to be designated by the French denomination, and their publications, communications, contracts and display also need to be in French. Moreover, administration employees need to have an appropriate knowledge of French.
Langue des organismes parapublics (Language of parapublic organisms) :
Enterprises of public utility, professional orders and their members need to offer their services and the texts destined to the public in French. They must also freely provide a translation of texts that concern them. Communications with the State, moral people and their members is also in French unless there’s an exception. If you want to be a member of a professional order, you must have an appropriate understanding of French.
Langue du travail (Language of work) :
French is the usual and normal language of work. Employers and unions need to communicate with the employees in French and write their collective conventions in French. Promotions and work offers must also be written in French. An employee cannot be penalized because they don’t have sufficient understanding of a language other than French or require the knowledge of a language other than French to get a job (unless, of course, knowledge of this language is necessary for the job).
Langue du commerce et des affaires (Language of trade and affairs) :
French is mandatory for; containers of a product, wrappings, documents, inscriptions, catalogues, brochures, leaflets, commercial directories, softwares, games, toys, adhesion contracts, contracts and documents attached to them, job application forms, purchase orders, bills, receipts, public displays, commercial publicity and names of businesses (for the last 3, there are some exceptions; for example, certain businesses that have already registered their name with the Canadian government don’t have to add French to their name. Some still choose to).
Langue de l’enseignement maternel, primaire et secondaire (Language of maternal, primary and secondary education) :
French is the language of all three of those. However, children who have at least one Canadian parent who received most of their schooling (primary or secondary) in English in Canada can have access to English schools (Canada clause). For higher education, cegeps and universities need to have a usage and quality policy on the French language.
Various provisions:
French and another language can be used side by side if a certain law doesn’t require the exclusive use of French. This affects the redaction of texts or documents, where French can be used with either one or multiple languages. However, French needs to be at least as EQUALLY visible as the other language(s).
Linguistic officialization:
Ministries and organisms related to the public administration can create committees to evaluate shortcomings when it comes to the use of certain terms. They can suggest the use of more appropriate terms or expressions, who then need to be suggested or normalized by the OQLF. Once that last part is done, those terms/expressions then become mandatory in the public administration.
(Skipping toponymy because this is getting long, but there’s basically a Commission that takes care of all the names of places and the Charter defines their competencies)
(Same for the francization of the administration and enterprises)
Conseil supérieur de la langue française (Superior Council of the French Language) :
The Charter defines their role and their composition. Their role is to advise the minister responsible for the French Language (it’s currently Jean-Francois Roberge, the previous minister of Education).
For sanctions, to quickly go over it: 600$ to 6000$ for physical people and between 1500$ and 20 000$ for moral people (double if they do it again).
And we’re done with the most technical part of this post! We still haven’t gone over Bill 96, but believe me, it’ll be way shorter than that. But we’re still not done with Bill 101, so let’s keep going.
Anglophone and Indigenous minorities have, of course, certain rights that are recognized by the Constitution. Therefore, those rights must be respected and that’s what the Charter does. For example:
- When laws are published in both French and English, both versions are equally valid.
- People can speak to the tribunal in English.
- Judgements can be made available in either French or English, if someone asks for a translation (depends on if the judgment was first released in French or English)
- The law doesn’t apply to Indigenous reserves, but to the local Indigenous language outside of it. That means that outside of the reserve, local Indigenous languages are submitted to the legislation, same as English or any language other than French.
Of course, ever since its adoption, the law was the subject of many controversies and invalidations by the Supreme Court of Canada. Therefore, the Quebec government was forced to change the law accordingly. Other times, the provincial government chose to change without being forced to (like with Bill 96). To go over them quickly:
Law 178: Superior Court of Quebec invalidates dispositions that mandates French as the sole language that can be used on displays. The decision is confirmed in 1988 by the Superior Court of Canada. Robert Bourassa (Quebec Liberal Party) is therefore forced to act and chooses to change the law so that French is still mandatory outside, but can be used alongside other languages inside, as long as it is predominant. He uses the derogation clause. Nobody is happy once again, for completely different reasons, and 3 ministers decide to resign a few days later.
Invalidation of article 73: Now, children from anywhere in Canada can now have access to English schools (before, it was only if their education had been mostly in English in Quebec). The Constitution of 1982 now made it a right for any Canadian to receive education in the minority language of the province. The requirements of the Charter still apply, but now, to a Canada-wide scale. That right is then added to the Charter with Law 86.
Law 86: Without being forced to, the government passes a law that ends the mandatory use of only French in commercial displays. Bilingual displays are authorized if French is visibly dominant. The law also makes sure that judicial services are offered in both French and English, which wasn’t the case before.
- Why it wasn’t the case: When the law was first adopted, it made it so that bills tabled at the National Assembly had to be written in French and trials had to be conducted in French, unless both parties agreed for it to be done in English. Camille Laurin (the father of the law), and the council of ministers knew that those provisions would go against the Constitution (the British North America Act), but that they wanted t o protest against the fact that only Quebec had to provide those services in both languages, as all the other provinces in English Canada were exempted (therefore, only English was fine, no French version was mandatory). The Supreme Court invalidated these articles, and thus, the law was changed.
The next important change is with Bill 96, but before we get to that, we`ve just got a few parts parts left.
Other Countries
Did you know? Other countries were inspired by Quebec’s language policy:
The Baltic countries; to protect their respective languages against Russian. Some complained about a one-way bilingualism, in which, for example, Lithuanians learnt Russian and Lithuanian, but Russians only learnt Russian because there wasn’t a need for them to learn Lithuanian. Mart Rannut, vice-doyen of research at the department of psychology at Tallinn University, in Estonia, has even said (about Bill 101), that it has << touched 1/6 of the planet >>.
Catalonia: The legislation in Quebec had a big impact during the sociopolitical debate about the protection of Catalan against castellan in Spain. Catalan was made mandatory in public function because of a law inspired by Law 101.
China: The country was inspired by the law when they wrote one of their decisions, whose goal was to promote standard mandarin.
Israel: English is perceived as a threat against Hebrew, although for now, the Quebec law has only influenced linguists and a few politicians.
Wales: Law 101 had a big impact in Wales too, but unfortunately, couldn’t be implemented the same way it was in Baltic countries, as Gaelic speakers are a minority in the UK. Colin H. Williams, a professor and researcher at the Gaelic department at Cardiff University, said that many lessons can be learnt from Quebec’s experience.
Porto Rico: A law adopted in 1991 made Spanish the only official language of this place. It was inspired by Law 101. It was repealed in 1993.
Did you expect China to be there? Me neither honestly. According to the same Tallinn researcher, many Soviet countries were inspired by Quebec’s law. However, I haven’t done much research about this, so I won’t go deeper into this (although it’s very interesting to learn about).
Before going further, I’d like to explain the role of an organization that is often mentioned in the media. The so-called ‘language police’, whose role I’ll explain. I’ll also talk about some of the limits they have, as well as a particular incident that many people keep bringing up.
The OQLF (Office québécois de la langue française) :
The OQLF was created in 1961, although it didn’t have as many responsibilities as it does now. Those were expanded in 1977, with the adoption of the Charter of the French language. Because, yes; the OQLF was there way before Law 101.
The organization has many responsibilities, including:
- Making sure the Charter of the French language is respected.
- Keeping an eye on the evolution of French in Quebec and giving a rapport to the minister at least every 5 years.
- Making sure that French is the language used at work, during communications, for trade and affairs. Taking the measures they deem necessary to make sure French is promoted.
- Must help define and elaborate francization programs as is foreseen in the law.
- Can assist and inform compagnies, organisms, and more about better words/terms they can use to make sure they stay up to date with the development of French in Québec.
- Can receive observations and suggestions about what could be done better to develop French and apply the law. Those can then be taken to the minster.
- Must establish the necessary research programs to the application of the law. Can conduct studies they deem necessary for those programs.
- Can conclude agreements and participate in projects with any person or organism.
- Can conclude agreements with a different government than the one in Québec, one of its ministries, and international organization or an organism that is linked to that government. That is possible as long as it follows the law in place in Québec.
While the OQLF’s more ‘active’ role is often the most highlighted, it’s far from the only one they have. And they don’t spend all of their time treating complaints either; finding more appropriate French words, following the evolution of French in the province, assisting compagnies and answering their questions and cooperating with different organizations is what they do the most often.
But since receiving, treating, and acting upon complaints is what they’re most known for, let’s address that.
Most years, the OQLF receives a few thousand complaints. Those complaints are sent by Quebecers who feel like their right to be served in French in Québec is affected. However, the OQLF doesn’t act upon all of these, and even then, most of the complaints they act upon are solved rather quickly. Most don’t make the news.
Many complaints are ignored and considered to be invalid. Others were already solved by the time the OQLF could intervene. Sometimes, the products were immediately taken off the shelf. Finally, sometimes, the complaints were made too late, and could not be treated.
For the fines, those don’t happen too often. For example, in 2006, they were only 127 fines that were given, between 250$ and 5000$.
All in all, there’s not really much ‘police’ in that. And that’s mostly the reality.
Some incidents did get out of hands of course (like the famous Pastagate incident, for which the OQLF admitted having been ‘overzealous’ and for which the head of the organization at the time, Louise Marchand, resigned), but it’s really not common. For most cases in which the complaint was appropriate, compagnies or people simply correct the mistake.
Now, for the part many were probably waiting for, the very, very controversial bill adopted in 2021…

Bill 96

I’m sure everyone (or at least, those who follow the news) remember the multiple debates that happened (and are still happening) about this law adopted around 2 years ago. Articles were written, protests were organized, Indigenous people weren’t happy; it was messy. Some misinformation was even spread around, like the idea that anglophones wouldn’t be able to receive medical services in English anymore (which, to be clear, isn’t true).
What is the truth? What are the lies? What should you be angry at? All the answers you might be seeking are here.
A mini disclaimer before we start this section: I am merely human, and therefore, have an opinion on this subject which I’ve researched as much as I could. Of course, I’ll give you all the facts so that you can then make a decision yourself, but there are some things I personally disagree with (or agree with) that might be more obvious than others. Anyway, let’s start.
What did Bill 96 include?
When it was first introduced, the bill provided for the creation of a French language commissioner (whose designation would have to be approved by 2/3 of the National Assembly) as well as for the creation of a ministry of the French language.
It amended the Charter to change and include certain things:
- Laws can still be adopted in both languages, but when there is a misunderstanding between both versions, the French version will prevail.
- All judgements given in English will have to be translated in French.
- The knowledge of a language other than French cannot be required during the nomination of a provincial judge, unless the justice minister deems it necessary.
- Regulations don’t have to be written in English anymore, because the requirement of bilingualism (of the British North America Act of 1897) didn’t include regulations.
- For schools, English cegeps now have a limit, and can only accept 17,5% of the entire Québécois student population. Non-anglophones students will also have to complete the French exam (mandatory in French cegeps) to receive their diplomas. The student quota doesn’t apply to universities.
- Enterprises that have between 25 and 49 employees will need to obtain a francization certificate, just like enterprises with more than 50 employees. Law 101 will also apply to federal enterprises.
- Bilingual municipalities have their bilingual status removed if their population isn’t mostly anglophone anymore. However, they can ask to maintain that status with a resolution. As of today, all 48 municipalities concerned with this part of the law have adopted such a resolution to keep their status.
- Civil status documents obtained in English in a different Canadian province must be translated. Before, only documents written in a language other than French and English were concerned (so, mostly documents from other countries)
- The preliminary of the Quebec Civil Code is modified to say that it is now interpreted in harmony with the Charter of the French language, and not only with the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms.
- Modifies the Profession Code to say that an inability to maintain an appropriate knowledge of French constitutes a derogatory act to the dignity of someone’s profession.
- Modifies the Constitution of 1867 to add the recognition of the Québécois nation and French as its sole official language. Uses the derogatory clause.
- Makes it so that after 6 months, an immigrant will have to communicate with the government in French.
- Gives the power to inspectors in charge of the application of the law to penetrate, at any reasonable hour, in any place aside from a house, where an activity concerned by the law is happening.
Those are most of the changes included in Bill 96. However, the law still has some limits. For example:
- Article 133 of the Constitution of 1867 (concerning the bilingualism of Quebec and the Canadian parliament) cannot be modified without the authorization of the Canadian parliament. Therefore, the part that was added (French is the sole official language of Quebec), is technically not valid. However, I don’t think the federal government intervened as of now (or plans to), so it’s there.
- For article 530 of the criminal code, the protected right to be heard in common law doesn’t actually say that the judge must speak English or even just understand it (the stoppage Société des Acadien c. Association of Parents). However, later, with a different stoppage (R. c. Beaulac), it was declared that the tribunals have to be institutionally bilingual to make sure both official languages can be used. Since criminal law is under federal jurisdiction, Quebec’s attempt to create a unilingual judicial system could meet some obstacles. However, the use of the derogatory clause by the province complicates things.
- It is still a right to receive medical services in English. While Quebec could have attempted to eliminate that right, it didn’t. Same goes for 9-1-1 (fun fact: only Quebec and New-Brunswick are forced to give 9-1-1 services in the minority language of their province. None of the others do), even though Indigenous people and anglophones were worried about that.
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Bill 96 certainly goes further than the previous version of Bill 101 did, and that has many people worried. I myself don’t completely agree with some of the changes here. But let’s not fall into misinformation, because that helps absolutely no one. Fear and panic are also emotions we should avoid acting upon, no matter if we agree or disagree with the law. And please, no Nazi comparisons; they did much, much worse and I think it’s clear to all (or at least, I hope it is) that the Quebec government is absolutely not on the verge of committing a mass genocide. Accusations like that will only make people go on the defensive and are an obstacle to dialogue. We’ll get nowhere, still be mad and frustrated, and continue the cycle for even longer.
It may sometimes look like this debate will never end, like francophones and anglophones are destined to forever disagree when it comes to language, but in the end, nothing is eternal. I’m sure we’ll get somewhere one day, even if that day is years away.
Anyway, that’ll be it for part 1! Stay tuned for part 2, where we’ll take a look at the different language laws that were once in place in other provinces: Ontario, Manitoba, British-Columbia, even the territories had some! I’ll also do my best to write about the current language laws in the other provinces and compare the situation of Franco-Albertans and Fransaskois (for example) with the situation of anglophones in Québec.
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Sources:
- Wikipédia (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charte_de_la_langue_fran%C3%A7aise) for most of my information (the site is well-organized and I mostly followed their organization)
- OQLF website (https://www.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/charte/changementslegislatifs/?gclid=CjwKCAjwrpOiBhBVEiwA_473dKae6mSlJbQPGLgRox_ACQLIs3VDA263wB5RiIMCgE4ubyVlAUOTchoCnZUQAvD_BwE) mostly concerns labour laws
- The Canadian Encyclopedia (https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/farticle/loi-101) bit of history and legal obstacles